N3 Grammar · Test 16

として means 'as (a role or capacity).' The sentence says the president is going on a business trip to Japan, and the speaker is also going along 'as an interpreter' (通訳として). This is the correct pattern for expressing a role or function one serves in.

• 2にして is not a standard pattern for expressing a role. にして can mean 'at (a time/place)' or 'being (something simultaneously),' but it does not fit here where a role is being described.
• 3とまで would mean 'even with/together with,' which makes no sense after 通訳. There is no sense of 'even' needed here.
• 4にまで would mean 'even to/as far as,' expressing an extreme endpoint, which does not fit after 通訳.

• 通訳つうやく — interpreter (spoken)
• 出張しゅっちょう — business trip
• 〜として — as (a role/capacity)

をしている is a fixed pattern meaning 'to have (a certain shape, color, or appearance).' 丸い形をしている = 'has a round shape.' The particle を marks the shape/appearance that the subject possesses, so を is correct.

• 1の would give 丸い形のしている, which is ungrammatical. The pattern requires を before している.
• 2も would give 丸い形もしている ('is also doing/has a round shape too'), which changes the meaning to 'also' and does not fit the sentence's neutral description.
• 4で would give 丸い形でしている, which is not a valid pattern. で cannot be used before している in this construction.

• コイン（こいん） — coin
• 丸まるい — round
• 〜をしている — to have (a shape/appearance/color)

などと is correct. The と before いう is a quotation marker, linking the quoted phrases 「かわいい」 and 「ひとりではさびしい」 to the verb いう. など means 'things like,' so などという理由で = 'for reasons such as (these).' The structure is (quoted phrases) + などと + いう理由で.

• 1などを would give などをいう理由で, which is ungrammatical. The particle before いう must be と (quotation marker), not を.
• 3ことを would give ことをいう理由で, which is ungrammatical for the same reason — いう requires と, not を, when introducing quoted content.
• 4ことと would give ことという理由で, which is grammatically awkward and does not convey 'things like' (など). The sentence needs など to express 'reasons such as.'

• 理由りゆう — reason
• 飼い続ける（かいつづける） — to continue keeping/raising (a pet)
• 意志いし — will, determination
• 〜という理由で（〜というりゆうで） — for the reason that ~

なら is a conditional meaning 'if (that is the case).' The child asks if there is something to eat; the mother replies 'If you're hungry, there are donuts.' おなかがすいているなら = 'if you are hungry.' なら takes the ている form of the verb (the い is dropped before なら).

• 1いても means 'even if (you are hungry),' which would imply 'even if you're hungry, there are donuts' — this does not fit the conversational flow where the mother is offering food conditionally.
• 2いると would mean 'when/if you are hungry (and then...),' but と implies a natural/automatic consequence, which does not fit offering donuts.
• 3いるけど means 'I'm hungry, but...' — this would describe the mother's own state, not a condition for the child, and does not fit the context.

• おなかがすく — to be hungry
• 〜なら — if (that is the case)

にくらべて means 'compared to.' 今までのものにくらべてかなり軽くなった = 'compared to previous ones, it has become much lighter.' This correctly expresses a comparison between the new computer and older models.

• 1にしたがって means 'as ~ changes/progresses, ... also changes' (following a process). It does not express a simple comparison.
• 3の一方で means 'on the one hand ~, on the other hand ...,' expressing two contrasting aspects. This does not fit the comparison being made.
• 4のできて is ungrammatical as a pattern here. のことで would mean 'because of ~,' which does not express comparison.

• 発売はつばい — release, putting on sale
• 持ち運び（もちはこび） — carrying around, portability
• 〜にくらべて — compared to ~

The correct order is これ(3) → ほど(1) → ★おもしろい(4) → 仕事は(2), making the full sentence: 「わたしは、これほどおもしろい仕事はないと思っているんです。」= 'I think there is no job as interesting as this one.' The grammar pattern being tested is ～ほど～ない ('not as... as...'), which expresses that nothing surpasses this job in terms of being interesting. The star falls on おもしろい(4), which modifies 仕事(2) to form the noun phrase おもしろい仕事, and ほど(1) attaches to これ(3) to set up the comparison.

• 1ほど(1) must come immediately after これ(3) to form これほど ('this much / to this extent'). Placing it at the star position would break the comparison structure, since ほど needs to precede the adjective and noun it modifies.
• 2仕事は(2) must come after おもしろい(4) to form おもしろい仕事はない ('there is no interesting job'). If 仕事は were at the star, the sentence would lack the adjective and the comparison would be incomplete.
• 3これ(3) must come first, before ほど(1), to form これほど ('as much as this'). Placing これ at the star would leave the preceding two blanks without a proper starting point for the ほど～ない pattern.

• ～ほど～ない — not as... as...; nothing is as... as...
• おもしろい — interesting, fun

The correct order is 画家たちに(2) → よって(1) → ★描かれた(4) → 絵が(3), making: 「19世紀の画家たちによって描かれた絵がたくさんあります。」= 'There are many paintings drawn by 19th-century painters.' The grammar pattern is Nによって ('by N'), used for passive constructions to indicate the agent. によって描かれた is a relative clause modifying 絵. The star falls on 描かれた(4), the passive past form that connects the agent phrase to the noun 絵.

• 1よって(1) must follow 画家たちに(2) to form によって ('by'). Placing it at the star would separate it from に and break the passive-agent construction.
• 2画家たちに(2) must come first, before よって(1), to form 画家たちによって ('by the painters'). At the star position it would be disconnected from よって.
• 3絵が(3) must come last among the four options, after 描かれた(4), because it is the head noun modified by the relative clause 画家たちによって描かれた. Placing it at the star would break the modifier-head relationship.

• ～によって — by (agent in passive voice); due to
• 描えがかれる — to be drawn/painted (passive of 描く)

The correct order is 何も(2) → 食べない(4) → ★うちに(3) → 終わってしまって(1), making: 「ほとんど何も食べないうちに終わってしまって、あとでおなかがすいてしまった。」= 'While I was eating almost nothing, the party ended, and I got hungry afterwards.' The grammar pattern is ～うちに ('while / before the state changes'), here connecting 食べない ('not eating') with 終わってしまって ('ended up ending'). The star falls on うちに(3).

• 1終わってしまって(1) must come after うちに(3), as it is the main event that happened during the 'not eating' period. Placing it at the star would leave うちに without a following clause.
• 2何も(2) must come first, before 食べない(4), to form 何も食べない ('eat nothing'). At the star it would be disconnected from the verb it modifies.
• 4食べない(4) must follow 何も(2) to form 何も食べない ('not eat anything'). At the star it would separate 何も from its verb and break the うちに pattern.

• ～うちに — while...; before the situation changes
• ほとんど — almost (always used with a negative to mean 'hardly / barely')
• ～てしまう — to do something completely; to do something regretfully

The correct order is 働く(3) → というのが(2) → ★どういうことか(4) → 考える(1), making: 「企業で働くというのがどういうことか考えるいい機会になった。」= 'It became a good opportunity to think about what it means to work at a company.' The pattern is ～というのがどういうことか ('what ~ means / what it is like to ~'), followed by 考える ('think about'). The star falls on どういうことか(4).

• 1考える(1) must come last among the four, after どういうことか(4), because it is the verb that takes どういうことか as its object. At the star it would break the phrase どういうことか考える.
• 2というのが(2) must follow 働く(3) to form 働くというのが ('the thing called working'). At the star it would be separated from 働く and break the construction.
• 3働く(3) must come first, before というのが(2), to form 働くというのが ('what it means to work'). At the star it would leave the preceding blanks without a proper verb to attach というのが to.

• ～というのが — the thing called ~; what ~ is
• どういうことか — what it means; what kind of thing it is

The correct order is 毎朝(4) → している(2) → ★ジョギングの(1) → おかげだ(3), making: 「風邪をひかないのは、毎朝しているジョギングのおかげだ。」= 'The reason I don't catch colds is thanks to the jogging I do every morning.' Here, 毎朝している is a relative clause modifying ジョギング ('the jogging I do every morning'), and ～のおかげだ ('thanks to ~') attaches to the noun ジョギング. The star falls on ジョギングの(1).

• 2している(2) must come before ジョギングの(1) as part of the relative clause 毎朝しているジョギング ('the jogging I do every morning'). At the star it would break the modifier-noun relationship.
• 3おかげだ(3) must come last, after ジョギングの(1), to form ジョギングのおかげだ ('thanks to jogging'). At the star it would leave の dangling without a noun.
• 4毎朝(4) must come first, as the time adverbial that starts the relative clause 毎朝している ('doing every morning'). At the star it would be misplaced within the clause.

• ～のおかげだ — thanks to ~; because of ~ (positive cause)
• ジョギング — jogging