Practice JLPTHow to tell them apart
しかも and その上 add a surprising or emphatic extra fact, so they fit when the new information feels like a bonus or a twist. それに simply tacks on another reason or item in a neutral list. 更に is closer to “even more” — it intensifies a degree or pushes something further, like 更に薄くなった, rather than just stacking facts. Use しかも or その上 for a punchy “and what's more,” それに for a plain “and also,” and 更に for “even further.”
- しかも Use しかも when the added fact is surprising or noteworthy, like good and cheap, しかも filling.
- それに Use それに to add one more neutral item or reason to a list, such as coffee, toast, それに egg.
- その上 Use その上 to pile on an emphatic bonus point, like cheap rent, その上 parking.
- 更に Use 更に when something increases or intensifies further, as in 更に薄くなった.
| Grammar point | Meaning | JLPT level |
|---|---|---|
| しかも shikamo | Moreover; furthermore; in addition | N2 |
| それに soreni | In addition / moreover | N4 |
| その上 sono | On top of that / moreover | N3 |
| 更に ni | Furthermore; even more; still more; in addition | N3 |
しかも shikamo
Moreover; furthermore; in addition
Moreover; furthermore; besides; on top of that; what's more; what's worse; more surprisingly; at that; nevertheless; and yet; even so | A conjunction which is used to provide additional important information.
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あのレストランの定食は美味しくて安い。しかも、ボリュームがあるから学生や若いサラリーマンに人気がある。
That restaurant's set meal is good and reasonable. On top of that, it is substantial, so it is popular among students and young white-collar workers.
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彼はいつも夜遅くまで勉強し、しかも朝は誰よりも早く起きる。
He studies till late every night; nevertheless, he gets up earlier than anyone else.
それに soreni
In addition / moreover
(and) in addition; moreover; furthermore; what's more; on top of that | A conjunction which introduces an additional item or statement.
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いい仕事がないし、それに子供も日本の学校へ行きたがっているので、日本へ帰ろうと思っている。
We are thinking of going back to Japan because there are no good jobs here, and what's more, my child wants to go to a Japanese school.
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ここのモーニングセットはコーヒーにトースト、それにゆで卵が付いている。
The "morning set" here includes coffee and some toast; in addition, there is a boiled egg.
その上 sono
On top of that / moreover
On top of that; besides; moreover; furthermore; what's more; what's worse; not only ~ but also | A conjunction which introduces an additional, emphatic statement.
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このアパートは通勤に便利で家賃も安く、その上、駐車場まである。
This apartment is convenient for commuting and the rent is reasonable. Moreover, it even has a parking space.
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この仕事は給料がいいし、その上、時々外国に行く機会もある。
This job pays a good salary, and what's more, it offers opportunities to go abroad from time to time.
更に ni
Furthermore; even more; still more; in addition
Even ~er; even more; additional; more; further; furthermore; in addition | An adverb/conjunction that represents the idea of “additionally” or “further”.
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D社のノート型コンピュータが更に薄くなった。
Company D's laptop computers have become even thinner.
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グローバル時代に向けて企業の国際化を更に強力に押し進める必要がある。
In our global age, we must promote the internationalization of businesses even more forcefully.
しかも and それに and その上 and 更に are JLPT N4–N2 grammar points that Japanese learners often mix up. This page compares all 4 side by side — meanings, usage and example sentences — so you can tell them apart.