N2 Vocabulary · Test 108

The reading かわいて corresponds to 乾いて (かわいて), the te-form of 乾く (かわく), meaning 'to dry (intransitive).' The sentence means: 'In summer, evaporation of water is fast, so even a wet towel dries quickly.' 乾く is the standard intransitive verb for something becoming dry on its own.

• 2渇いて uses 渇 (かつ), meaning 'to be thirsty.' 渇く (かわく) can mean 'to become dry/thirsty' but is primarily used for thirst (e.g., 喉が渇く), not for a towel drying. This is a deliberate near-synonym distractor.
• 3焼いて reads やいて (not かわいて), meaning 'to bake/grill.' The reading does not match at all.
• 4干いて reads ほいて (not かわいて). 干す (ほす) means 'to hang out to dry' (transitive), but 干く is not the standard intransitive form used here; the correct intransitive verb is 乾く.

• 乾かわく — to dry (intransitive) — something becomes dry
• 乾かわいて — drying (te-form of 乾く)

The reading げんしょう corresponds to 減少 (げんしょう), meaning 'decrease' or 'reduction.' The sentence says: 'Due to the ① reduction of forests, the ② climate of the entire Earth has ③ gradually ④ changed.' 減少 is the standard compound for 'decrease' and fits perfectly here.

• 2減小 is not a real Japanese word. While 減 means 'decrease' and 小 means 'small,' this combination does not exist as a standard vocabulary item; it is a plausible-looking distractor using a synonym of 少.
• 3限少 is not a real word. 限 (げん) means 'limit' and is a lookalike for 減, but 限少 does not exist in Japanese.
• 4限小 is not a real word. It combines 限 (limit) with 小 (small), mimicking the shape of 減少, but is not a valid compound.

• 減少げんしょう — decrease, reduction
• 森林しんりん — forest
• 地球ちきゅう — Earth

The reading きこう corresponds to 気候 (きこう), meaning 'climate.' The sentence reads: 'Due to the ① reduction of forests, the ② climate of the entire Earth has ③ gradually ④ changed.' 気候 is the standard word for 'climate' and fits the context of global environmental change.

• 1気構 is not a standard word. 構 (こう) is a lookalike for 候, but 気構 does not exist as a compound meaning 'climate.'
• 2気降 is not a real word. 降 (こう) shares the reading こう but means 'descend/fall,' and this compound does not exist.
• 4気効 is not a real word. 効 (こう) means 'effect,' and this combination is not a valid Japanese compound.

• 気候きこう — climate
• 地球全体ちきゅうぜんたい — the entire Earth

The reading しだいに corresponds to 次第に (しだいに), meaning 'gradually' or 'little by little.' The sentence reads: 'Due to the ① reduction of forests, the ② climate of the entire Earth has ③ gradually ④ changed.' 次第に is a common adverb describing a gradual progression, which fits the context of slow climate change.

• 2次題に is not a real word. 題 (だい) means 'topic/theme' and is a lookalike for 第, but 次題に does not exist as an adverb.
• 3次待に is not a real word. 待 (たい) means 'wait,' and this compound is not valid Japanese.
• 4次退に is not a real word. 退 (たい) means 'retreat/withdraw,' and this combination does not exist.

• 次第しだいに — gradually, little by little

The reading へんか corresponds to 変化 (へんか), meaning 'change.' The full sentence reads: 'Due to the ① reduction of forests, the ② climate of the entire Earth has ③ gradually ④ changed.' 変化する is the standard verb meaning 'to change,' and へんかしてきた ('has been changing') fits perfectly with してきた indicating a continuing change over time.

• 1変可 is not a real word. 可 (か) means 'possible/acceptable' and is a lookalike for 化, but 変可 does not exist as a compound.
• 2変果 is not a real word. 果 (か) means 'fruit/result' and shares the reading か, but this compound is not valid.
• 4変仮 is not a real word. 仮 (か) means 'temporary/provisional' and is a lookalike for 化, but 変仮 does not exist.

• 変化へんか — change
• ～てきた — has been ~ing (change continuing up to now)

税金 (ぜいきん) means 'tax.' The sentence says 'The amount on this receipt includes tax (ぜいきんがふくまれている).' 税 (ぜい) means 'tax' and 金 (きん) means 'money,' so 税金 is the standard word for tax/taxes.

• 1政金 is not a real word. 政 (せい) means 'government/politics' and appears in words like 政治 (politics), but 政金 is not a valid compound.
• 2制金 is not a real word. 制 (せい) means 'system/control' and appears in words like 制度 (system), but 制金 does not exist.
• 4説金 is not a real word. 説 (せつ) means 'explanation/theory' as in 説明 (explanation), but 説金 is not a valid term. Note also the reading mismatch: 説 is normally せつ, not ぜい.

• 税金ぜいきん — tax, taxes
• 含ふくまれる — to be included, to be contained

The correct answer is 1, 含まれて (ふくまれて). The verb 含む (ふくむ) means 'to include / to contain.' In the passive form 含まれる (ふくまれる) it means 'to be included / to be contained.' The sentence says: 'The amount on this receipt includes tax (the tax is included in the amount).' This is the standard word for something being included within a larger whole.

• 2包まれて (つつまれて) comes from 包む (つつむ), 'to wrap / to envelop.' While it can metaphorically mean 'surrounded by' (e.g., mystery に包まれる), it does not mean 'included in an amount.'
• 3込まれて is not a standard word. The verb 込む (こむ) means 'to be crowded / to go into,' but there is no common passive form 込まれる used in this context.
• 4組まれて (くまれて) comes from 組む (くむ), 'to assemble / to pair up / to cross (arms).' It refers to structuring or pairing things, not to inclusion of an amount.

• 含ふくまれる — to be included, to be contained
• 包つつむ — to wrap, to envelop
• 組くむ — to assemble, to pair up, to cross (arms/legs)
• 金額きんがく — amount (of money)
• 税金ぜいきん — tax
• 領収書りょうしゅうしょ — receipt

The correct answer is 2, 大陸 (たいりく), meaning 'continent.' The sentence is about a plan to cross a continent by motorcycle, so 'たいりく' = 大陸 is the right kanji. The kanji 陸 (りく) means 'land.'

• 1大陛 is not a real word. 陛 (へい) appears in words like 陛下 (へいか, 'Majesty') and has nothing to do with 'land/continent.'
• 3大隆 is not a real word. 隆 (りゅう) appears in words like 興隆 (こうりゅう, 'rise/prosperity') and does not form たいりく.
• 4大陵 is not a real word. 陵 (りょう) appears in words like 陵墓 (りょうぼ, 'mausoleum') and does not form たいりく.

• 大陸たいりく — continent
• オートバイ（おーとばい） — motorcycle
• 横断おうだん — crossing (through/across)
• 計画けいかく — plan
• 具体化ぐたいか — making concrete, materialization

The correct answer is 4, 横断 (おうだん), meaning 'crossing (across/through).' 横断する means 'to cross (a road, ocean, continent, etc.).' The sentence says 'a plan to cross the continent by motorcycle,' so 横断 is correct. The kanji 横 (おう/よこ) means 'side/across' and 断 (だん) means 'cut/sever,' together giving the sense of cutting across.

• 1央断 is not a real word. 央 (おう) means 'center,' but 央断 does not exist in Japanese.
• 2欧断 is not a real word. 欧 (おう) appears in 欧洲 (おうしゅう, 'Europe'), but 欧断 is not a valid compound.
• 3往断 is not a real word. 往 (おう) means 'to go,' but 往断 does not exist as a Japanese word.

• 横断おうだん — crossing across/through (e.g., a continent, a road)
• 横断歩道おうだんほどう — pedestrian crossing
• 具体化ぐたいか — making concrete, materialization

The correct answer is 3, 具体化 (ぐたいか), meaning 'concretization / making something concrete.' 具体化する means 'to become concrete / to be materialized (as a plan).' The sentence says 'the plan to cross the continent by motorcycle has been concretized (made concrete),' so 具体化 is correct. 具体 (ぐたい) = 'concrete/specific,' and 化 (か) = '-ization.'

• 1具帯化 is not a real word. 帯 (たい) appears in words like 携帯 (けいたい, 'mobile') or 帯域 (たいいき, 'band'), but 具帯化 does not exist.
• 2具対化 is not a real word. 対 (たい) appears in words like 対立 (たいりつ, 'opposition'), but 具対化 is not a valid compound.
• 4具態化 is not a real word. 態 (たい) appears in words like 状態 (じょうたい, 'state'), but 具態化 does not exist in Japanese.

• 具体化ぐたいか — making concrete, materialization (of a plan)
• 具体ぐたい — concrete, specific
• ～化（～か） — -ization (suffix meaning 'to turn into')