N1 Vocabulary · Test 15

重複 (ちょうふく) means 'duplication, overlap' — the same thing existing/occurring more than once. Option 2 says 'Among the large amount of data, there were duplicates (重複しているもの), so urgent organization was needed.' This is the correct, natural usage: it refers to identical data entries appearing multiple times.

• 1重複して覚える ('memorize by overlapping/repeating') is not a natural use of 重複. The intended idea is 'repeatedly' (何度も), not 'duplication.'
• 3無理が重複すれば ('if overwork piles up') uses 重複 as if it meant 'to accumulate/pile up.' The correct word would be 重なる (かさなる) or 重畳, not 重複.
• 4列が重複して ('the line duplicated/overlapped') is incorrect. A line of people forms (できる) or stretches (伸びる); it does not 'duplicate.' The intended word might be 長々と or うねうねと.

• 重複ちょうふく — duplication, overlap (of identical items)

拠点 (きょてん) means 'base, stronghold, foothold' — a central place from which activities are conducted. Option 4 says 'Company A uses its local base, Kyoto, as a 拠点 to expand business nationwide.' This is the textbook usage of 拠点: a base of operations.

• 1うわさの拠点 ('base of a rumor') is wrong. A rumor has a source/origin (発端 はったん, 出処 でどころ, 拠所 よりどころ), not a 拠点.
• 2文学の拠点となった作品 ('the work that became the base of modern literature') is unnatural. 拠点 refers to a physical or organizational base, not a foundational work. The intended word might be 起点 or 基礎.
• 3広場を拠点にして ('using the square as a base') is possible in a loose sense, but 拠点 is not typically used for a spatial center from which roads radiate. The natural word would be 中心 (ちゅうしん) or 基点 (きてん).

• 拠点きょてん — base, stronghold, foothold (a center of activity)

真っ先 (まっさき) means 'first, before anything else' — used for the very first in order of priority, time, or thought. Option 1 says 'As someone suitable for leader, the person who came to mind 真っ先に (first and foremost) was Ishikawa-san.' This is correct: 真っ先に浮かぶ = 'to come to mind first.'

• 2クラスで真っ先になれる ('can become first in class') is wrong. 真っ先 is an adverb meaning 'first/before others,' not an adjective meaning 'top-ranked.' The correct word would be 一番 (いちばん) or トップ.
• 3資料の真っ先にあるグラフ ('the graph at the very front of the materials') is wrong. 真っ先 is not used for physical position in a document. The correct word would be 最初 (さいしょ) or 先頭 (せんとう).
• 4教室の真っ先に座る ('sit at the very front of the classroom') is wrong. 真っ先 does not describe a physical seating position. The correct expression would be 最前列 (さいぜんれつ) or 前 (まえ) に座る.

• 真っ先（まっさき） — first, before anything else (adverbial, for priority/time)

緊密 (きんみつ) means 'close, tight' — used for relationships, ties, or cooperation that are tightly connected. Option 4 says 'In this district, schools and the community cooperate 緊密に (closely) to protect children's safety.' This is the correct usage: 緊密な協力 / 緊密に協力する = 'close cooperation.'

• 1発着が緊密になった ('takeoffs and landings became tight/close') is wrong. 発着 (はっちゃく, arrivals and departures) can become 頻繁 (ひんばん, frequent) or 密集 (みっしゅう), but not 緊密, which describes relationships, not traffic frequency.
• 2緊密にいすが並べられた ('chairs were arranged tightly') is wrong. 緊密 describes abstract closeness of relationships, not physical density of objects. The correct word would be びっしり or 密集して (みっしゅうして).
• 3意味が緊密に使い分けられている ('meanings are closely distinguished') is wrong. 緊密 does not modify how words are distinguished. The intended word might be 厳密 (げんみつ, strictly) or 綿密 (めんみつ).

• 緊密きんみつ — close, tight (of relationships, ties, cooperation)

遂げる (とげる) means 'to accomplish, to achieve, to bring about (a result)' — used with nouns like 変化 (change), 成長 (growth), 発展 (development), 達成 (achievement). Option 1 says 'This town, through recent redevelopment, 驚くような変化を遂げた (underwent/achieved astonishing change).' 変化を遂げる is a standard, correct collocation.

• 2契約が遂げられる ('a contract is accomplished') is wrong. Contracts are 結ばれる (むすばれる) or 成立する (せいりつする). 遂げる is not used with 契約.
• 3責任を遂げている ('is fulfilling responsibility') is wrong. The correct verb for 責任 is 果たす (はたす). 責任を遂げる is not standard Japanese.
• 4工事を遂げる ('to complete construction') is wrong. 工事 is 完了する (かんりょうする), 終える (おえる), or 終わる (おわる). 遂げる is not used with 工事.

• 遂とげる — to accomplish, to achieve, to bring about (a result/change)

樹木 is read じゅもく, meaning 'trees' or 'timber' collectively. The kanji 樹 uses the reading じゅ (as in 樹木・じゅもく), and 木 is read もく here. The sentence means 'Trees grow thickly around this temple.'

• 1しゅもく is a plausible misreading using the on'yomi しゅ for 樹, but this is not a valid reading for this compound.
• 2しゅうもく inserts a long vowel that does not exist; this is not a real word.
• 4じゅうもく also inserts an unnecessary long vowel; not a valid reading.

• 樹木じゅもく — trees, timber (collective term)
• 茂しげる — to grow thick, to be lush

蓄えて is the te-form of 蓄える（たくわえる）, meaning 'to store up, to accumulate.' The sentence means 'I want to accumulate various kinds of knowledge for the future.'

• 1たずさえて is 携える, meaning 'to carry, to bring along' — semantically related to having something with you, but not about storing knowledge.
• 2そなえて is 備える, meaning 'to prepare, to equip' — close in nuance but the kanji 蓄 is never read this way.
• 3かかえて is 抱える, meaning 'to hold under one's arm, to have (a problem)' — a different word entirely.

• 蓄たくわえる — to store up, to accumulate, to save

陳列 is read ちんれつ, meaning 'display' (of goods). 陳 takes the on'yomi ちん and 列 takes the on'yomi れつ. The sentence means 'This store changed its method of displaying products starting this month.'

• 2しんれつ misreads 陳 with しん — a plausible confusion since many kanji with 車/東 components share similar on'yomi, but 陳 is ちん, not しん.
• 3ちんれい changes the second kanji 列 to れい, confusing it with kanji like 礼 or 霊 that read れい.
• 4しんれい combines both misreadings and is not a real word.

• 陳列ちんれつ — display, exhibition (of merchandise)

華やか is read はなやか, meaning 'gorgeous, showy, splendid.' The kanji 華 can be read はな in this compound adjective. The sentence means 'Today's stage performance was gorgeous and greatly entertained the audience.'

• 1なごやか is 和やか, meaning 'peaceful, harmonious' — a different adjective that does not fit the context of a flashy stage.
• 2あざやか is 鮮やか, meaning 'vivid, brilliant' — semantically close but uses a different kanji (鮮).
• 4かろやか is 軽やか, meaning 'light, nimble' — again a real adjective but not the reading of 華やか.

• 華はなやか — gorgeous, showy, splendid

鑑定 is read かんてい, meaning 'appraisal, authentication, valuation.' 鑑 takes the on'yomi かん and 定 takes the on'yomi てい. The sentence means 'I requested an appraisal from an expert.'

• 1かんじょう is 勘定（かんじょう）, meaning 'bill, calculation, counting' — a real word with a similar sound but different meaning and kanji.
• 3けんてい is 検定（けんてい）, meaning 'certification, examination/inspection' — a real word that could fit some professional contexts, but 鑑定 is かんてい, not けんてい.
• 4けんじょう is 献上（けんじょう）, meaning 'presentation, offering' — not relevant here.

• 鑑定かんてい — appraisal, authentication, expert valuation