N1 Grammar · Test 35

Option 4 「もあいまって」(も相まって) means ' (X) also combining/working together (with other factors) to produce a result.' The sentence means: 'With the severe economic situation also being a factor, finding employment was extremely difficult.' 厳しい経済状況もあいまって correctly indicates that the economic situation, combined with other factors, made job-hunting very difficult.

• 1「ときたら」means 'when it comes to (X)' or 'speaking of (X),' often with a tone of complaint. It does not express causation or combination.
• 2「とおもいきや」(と思いきや) means 'contrary to expectation' or 'I thought (X), but actually (Y).' It expresses surprise at an unexpected outcome, which does not fit here.
• 3「にもかかわらず」(にも拘わらず) means 'despite (X)' or 'in spite of (X).' Using it here would mean 'despite the severe economic situation, finding employment was difficult' — which is logically contradictory, since the severe situation is the cause, not an obstacle to the difficulty.

• もあいまって — [X] also combining/working together (with other factors) to produce a result
• 厳きびしい — severe, harsh, strict
• 経済状況けいざいじょうきょう — economic situation/conditions
• 就職しゅうしょく — finding employment, getting a job
• 困難こんなん — difficult, hardship

The correct answer is 4. といえども means 'even (for someone who is)…' / 'even though one is…'. The sentence reads: 'Even for an expert in international politics, analyzing the daily-changing world situation is difficult.' The concessive nuance of といえども ('even an expert') fits perfectly — it acknowledges the expert's status while stating that the task is still hard.

• 1とあって means 'because of the situation/being…' (e.g., 夏休みとあって、海は混雑している). It expresses a reason or condition that explains a result. Here it would mean 'because (they are) an expert… it's difficult,' which is illogical — being an expert should make it easier, not harder.
• 2にしては means 'for someone who is…' and implies the result is contrary to expectation (e.g., 専門家にしては、簡単なミスをした). While it seems close, the sentence is not saying the expert underperformed expectations; it is saying the task is inherently difficult even for an expert. にしては would imply 'for an expert, it's surprisingly difficult,' which shifts the focus incorrectly.
• 3にかけては means 'when it comes to…' and highlights excellence in a particular area (e.g., 料理にかけては彼女が一番だ). It does not convey concession and cannot connect properly with the rest of the sentence.

• といえども — even though one is… / even for… (concessive; N1 grammar)
• とあって — because of the situation/being… (expresses a reason that explains an observable result)
• にしては — for someone who is… / for something that is… (implies result is contrary to expectation)
• にかけては — when it comes to… (highlights excellence/skill in a particular domain)

The correct answer is 1. されたとは attaches とは (a quotative particle expressing surprise or emotion) to the passive past form された. The pattern 〜とは…ことだ means 'To think that… is (a certain kind of thing).' The sentence reads: 'To think that a previously missing work of a famous painter has been discovered — that is a truly joyful thing.' The とは conveys the speaker's pleasant surprise, which matches 喜ばしい (joyful).

• 2されては would form a conditional/contrastive pattern (されては…では), meaning 'if/when it is discovered…' It does not create the exclamatory structure needed before 喜ばしいことだ.
• 3されるのには means 'in order to be discovered' or 'for the purpose of being discovered,' which makes no sense in this context — the discovery has already happened, and the sentence is commenting on it, not stating a purpose.
• 4されるかどうか means 'whether or not it will be discovered,' which introduces uncertainty. The sentence is affirming that the discovery happened and calling it joyful, so a yes/no question structure does not fit.

• とは — quotative particle expressing surprise/emotion: 'to think that…' (N1 grammar)
• 行方不明ゆくえふめい — missing, whereabouts unknown
• 著明ちょめいな — famous, distinguished (here written as 著明な; normally 著名な)

The correct answer is 1. あいながらも consists of あう (遭う/遇う, 'to encounter') + ながらも ('even while/even though'). The sentence reads: 'Even while encountering various hardships, (I) did not give up and saw things through to the end.' The ながらも conveys concession — despite facing hardships, the person persevered — which matches あきらめないで最後までやりぬいた.

• 2あわんがため uses んがため ('in order to…'), so あわんがため would mean 'in order to encounter hardships.' This is nonsensical — one does not seek hardships in order to not give up.
• 3あうともなれば is not a standard grammar pattern. ともなれば means 'if it comes to…' (e.g., 春ともなれば、花が咲く), but attaching it to あう does not produce a meaningful concessive expression here.
• 4あったがはやいか uses が早いか ('no sooner than / as soon as'), indicating two actions happen in rapid succession. The sentence is about enduring hardships over time, not about something happening immediately after encountering them.

• ながらも — even while… / even though… (concessive; N1 grammar)
• んがため — in order to… (formal purpose expression)
• が早いか（がはやいか） — no sooner than… / as soon as… (two actions in rapid succession)
• やりぬく — to do something to the very end, to carry through

The correct answer is 4. なしには means 'without…' and is followed by a negative-potential or negative conjecture. The sentence reads: 'Without the guidance of my teachers and the help of my friends, I probably would not have been able to complete my thesis.' The structure なしには…〜ない/なかっただろう (double negative: 'without X, would not have…') expresses that X was indispensable — exactly the intended meaning.

• 1にもまして means 'more than…' (e.g., 前にもまして元気になった). It is used to compare and say something exceeds something else. It does not create the 'without X, Y would not happen' structure needed here.
• 2のおかげで means 'thanks to…' and is followed by a positive outcome. Here the predicate is 書き上げられなかっただろう (negative conjecture: 'probably would not have been able to write'), so 'thanks to… I probably couldn't have written it' is contradictory and illogical.
• 3のいたりで means 'to the point of… / to the extreme of…' (e.g., 感無量のいたりで). It expresses reaching an extreme state and does not fit the 'without X, Y would not be possible' meaning.

• なしには — without… (followed by negative; 'without X, Y cannot happen'; N1 grammar)
• にもまして — more than… / even more than…
• のいたりで — to the point of… / to the extreme of… (expresses reaching a high degree)
• 書き上げる（かきあげる） — to complete (writing), to finish writing

「〜てまえ」(N1 grammar) means 'since I (said/did) X in front of others, I am now in a position where I can't easily do Y.' It expresses the social pressure or obligation created by having publicly committed to something. Here, the speaker declared something was correct in front of everyone, so now it's hard to admit being wrong. 「てまえ」 comes from 「手前」, meaning one's position/face before others.

• 2「ものの」 means 'although ~, but ~' and would need a clause expressing concession (e.g., 言ってしまったものの…). It doesn't connect logically here — the sentence isn't saying 'although I said it, I can't say I was wrong'; rather it's saying 'because I said it publicly, I can't say I was wrong.'
• 3「ところ」 as a conjunction (e.g., 〜たところ) means 'just did ~ and then / when I tried ~.' It doesn't express the causal/social-pressure relationship needed here.
• 4「ままに」 means 'as-is, following' (e.g., 思うままに = as one wishes). It doesn't fit grammatically or semantically after 言ってしまった.

• てまえ — since one has said/done something in front of others, one is now bound by that and cannot easily reverse course
• 今いまさら — at this late point, now (it's too late to ~)
• 正ただしい — correct, right

「〜といわず〜といわず」(N1 grammar) means 'whether it be X or Y — both/all of them,' listing items to emphasize that the statement applies to everything mentioned. Here: 'The things in the room — desk, chair, everything — were smashed to pieces.' It conveys that nothing was spared.

• 1「によらず」 means 'regardless of ~.' It doesn't pair naturally in this A/B listing pattern, and '机によらずいすによらず' is not grammatical in this context.
• 2「というか〜というか」 means 'or rather ~, or rather ~' and is used to rephrase or offer alternative descriptions of the same thing. It doesn't convey 'both X and Y were destroyed.'
• 4「においても〜においても」 means 'also in X, also in Y (location/context).' While it can list two locations, it doesn't carry the emphatic 'everything, without exception' nuance that といわず does, and it's unnatural with concrete objects like 机 and いす.

• 〜といわず〜といわず — whether it be X or Y — both/all; used to emphasize that the statement applies to every item listed
• めちゃくちゃ — in a mess, smashed, disordered
• 壊こわされる — to be broken/destroyed (passive of 壊す)

「〜してまで」(N1 grammar) means 'even going so far as to do X' and is used with a negative evaluation: 'I don't want to do Y even if it means doing X.' Here: 'I don't want to live a long life if it means enduring/giving up the things I love.' The structure is 我慢してまで長生きしたいとは思わない = 'I don't want to live long even at the cost of suppressing what I enjoy.'

• 2「せずとも」 means 'even without doing ~' (e.g., 我慢せずとも = even without enduring). This would mean 'I don't want to live long even without enduring,' which is illogical — the point is that enduring is the cost, not something avoidable.
• 3「させないで」 is the causative-te form ('don't make me ~'). Grammatically it doesn't connect properly: 我慢させないで長生きしたいとは思わない is ungrammatical and semantically off.
• 4「されるくらい」 uses passive + くらい ('to the extent of being made to ~'). 我慢されるくらい doesn't fit — 我慢 is not normally used in passive this way, and the nuance of 'even at the cost of' is lost.

• 〜してまで — even going so far as to do ~; even at the cost of doing ~ (used with negative judgment)
• 我慢がまん — endurance, patience, self-restraint
• 長生ながいき — living a long life

「〜ならではの」(N1 grammar) means 'unique to ~; something only possible in ~.' Here: 'Throughout Japan, each region has specialties unique to that region (その地方ならではの名産).' It emphasizes that the specialty is distinctive and could only come from that particular place.

• 1「なみに」 means 'along with ~, in parallel with ~' (e.g., 昔なみに = as in the old days). It doesn't express 'unique to.'
• 2「ながらの」 means 'while ~' or describes something in a state of ~ (e.g., いつもながらの = as always). It doesn't convey the 'unique to that region' meaning.
• 3「なりとも」 means 'at least ~, if only ~' (e.g., 一言なりとも = at least a word). It expresses a minimum, not uniqueness, and doesn't fit here.

• 〜ならではの — unique to ~; distinctive of ~; something only found in ~
• 名産めいさん — local specialty, famous product of a region
• 地方ちほう — region, district, local area

「〜にひきかえ」(N1 grammar) means 'in contrast to ~; unlike ~.' It sets up a strong contrast between two subjects. Here: 'In contrast to the excitement of the people around, the award recipient himself was perfectly calm.' The structure is (Aの興奮)にひきかえ、 (Bは冷静だった).

• 1「ときたら」 means 'when it comes to ~; speaking of ~' and often carries a tone of complaint or exasperation (e.g., うちの親父ときたら…). It doesn't express contrast between two parties.
• 2「かたがた」 means 'while doing ~ / on the occasion of doing ~' (e.g., ご挨拶かたがた = while offering greetings). It expresses doing two things at once, not contrast.
• 4「のかぎりに」 is not a standard N1 grammar point in this form. 「〜限り」(かぎり) means 'as long as ~ / to the utmost,' but 「のかぎりに」 doesn't fit here and doesn't express contrast.

• 〜にひきかえ — in contrast to ~; unlike ~ (sets up a strong contrast between two subjects)
• 興奮こうふん — excitement, agitation
• いたって — extremely, very (used before adjectives: いたって冷静 = perfectly calm)
• 冷静れいせい — calm, composed