N1 Vocabulary · Test 125

The correct option is 4. 有望な (ゆうぼうな), meaning 'promising' or 'hopeful.' The phrase 将来有望な is a common collocation meaning 'promising for the future.' The full sentence 彼は将来有望な小説家だ means 'He is a promising novelist for the future,' which fits perfectly.

• 1有効な (ゆうこうな) means 'effective' or 'valid,' typically used for methods, measures, or documents (e.g. 有効な手段 'effective measure'). It does not describe a person's future prospects, so it is wrong here.
• 2有利な (ゆうりな) means 'advantageous' or 'favorable,' used for conditions or positions (e.g. 有利な条件 'favorable conditions'). A novelist is not described as 'advantageous,' so this is incorrect.
• 3有益な (ゆうえきな) means 'beneficial' or 'useful,' used for things that bring benefit (e.g. 有益な情報 'useful information'). It does not describe a person's potential, so it is wrong.

• 有望ゆうぼうな — promising, hopeful (describing someone or something with good future prospects)
• 有効ゆうこうな — effective, valid
• 有利ゆうりな — advantageous, favorable
• 有益ゆうえきな — beneficial, useful

The correct option is 3. 適応 (てきおう) means 'adaptation' or 'adjustment'. The phrase 適応できないで (without being able to adapt) perfectly fits the context of the sentence: 'There are people who cannot adapt to life in a foreign country and return home.'

• 1反応 (はんのう) means 'reaction'. You cannot say 'react to life in a foreign country' in this context; it does not fit the meaning of struggling with living abroad.
• 2応用 (おうよう) means 'application' (putting knowledge to practical use). You do not 'apply' to a lifestyle or environment in this way, making it contextually incorrect.
• 4応答 (おうとう) means 'response' or 'reply' (usually to a question or communication). It does not collocate with 'life in a foreign country'.

• 適応てきおう — adaptation, adjustment (to an environment or circumstances)
• 反応はんのう — reaction, response (to a stimulus)
• 応用おうよう — application, practical use
• 応答おうとう — response, reply (to a question or signal)

The correct option is 2. 短縮 (たんしゅく) means 'shortening' or 'reduction' and is specifically used for reducing time or length. The phrase 労働時間を短縮する (to shorten working hours) is a standard collocation in Japanese, making it the perfect fit for the sentence: 'In Japan, there is a movement to shorten working hours.'

• 1縮小 (しゅくしょう) means 'shrinking' or 'curtailment' and is used for reducing the size, scale, or scope of things, such as 規模 (scale) or 予算 (budget). It is not used for time.
• 3軽減 (けいげん) means 'lightening' or 'alleviation' and is used for reducing a burden, pain, or duty, such as 負担 (burden) or 税金 (taxes). It is not used for time.
• 4減量 (げんりょう) means 'weight reduction' and is primarily used for losing body weight (ダイエット) or reducing the quantity of materials. It is not used for time.

• 短縮たんしゅく — shortening, reduction (of time/length)
• 縮小しゅくしょう — shrinking, curtailment (of size/scale)
• 軽減けいげん — lightening, alleviation (of burden/pain)
• 減量げんりょう — weight reduction, losing weight

The correct option is 1. 参照 (さんしょう). The sentence means 'For details, please refer to the manual.' 参照 means 'reference' or 'consulting a document,' and ご参照ください is a standard, polite formal expression used to direct someone to look at a specific document or source for information.

• 2参考 (さんこう) also translates to 'reference' in English, but it is used when taking something into consideration for one's own benefit (as in 参考にする). It is not used with ご～ください to direct someone to read a manual, making it grammatically and contextually incorrect here.
• 3解説 (かいせつ) means 'explanation' or 'commentary.' While a manual might contain explanations, you do not 'please explanation' a manual. It does not fit the grammatical structure ご～ください in this context.
• 4解釈 (かいしゃく) means 'interpretation' or 'understanding.' You do not 'please interpret' the manual to find details; the sentence is asking the reader to consult the manual, not to interpret it.

• 参照さんしょう — reference, consultation (of a document)
• 参考さんこう — reference, taking something into consideration
• 解説かいせつ — explanation, commentary
• 解釈かいしゃく — interpretation, construal

The correct option is 3. 免れる (まぬがれる) means 'to escape' or 'to be spared from' an undesirable situation. The phrase '被害を免れる' (to escape damage) is commonly used. In this sentence, '被害は' is marked as the topic, so '被害は免れた' means 'the damage was escaped' (i.e., we were spared from the damage). This perfectly fits the context where the typhoon's course deviated, resulting in no damage.

• 1のがした (逃した) means 'to let slip away' or 'to miss,' such as missing a train or an opportunity. It cannot be used with '被害' (damage), as damage is not something you 'let slip away.'
• 2しのいだ (凌いだ) means 'to endure,' 'to weather,' or 'to tide over' a difficult situation. It implies suffering some damage but managing to get through it, rather than completely avoiding it. Furthermore, it is typically used transitively (e.g., 被害を凌ぐ - to minimize/endure damage), so it does not fit the intransitive structure '被害は...'.
• 4よけた (避けた) means 'to dodge' or 'to avoid' something physically. While '被害を避ける' (to avoid damage) is grammatically correct, '被害は避けた' is wrong because '被害' (damage) is inanimate and cannot be the active subject of '避ける'. It would need to be passive ('被害は避けられた').

• 逸それる — to deviate, to stray (from a course)
• 被害ひがい — damage, harm
• 免まぬがれる — to escape, to be spared from
• 逃のがす — to let escape, to miss (an opportunity)
• 凌しのぐ — to endure, to tide over, to weather
• 避よける — to dodge, to avoid (physically)

もてなした（持て成した）is the past tense of もてなす, meaning 'to entertain / to treat (a guest) with hospitality.' The sentence says: 'I entertained/treated my benefactor, who had taken care of me, with all my heart.' 心を込めてもてなす (to treat someone with all one's heart) is a natural collocation.

• 1もらした（漏らした）is the past tense of もらす, meaning 'to leak / to let slip / to spill.' You would not say 心を込めてもらした about a benefactor.
• 3もたらした（齎らした）is the past tense of もたらす, meaning 'to bring about / to cause.' It takes an event or result as its object, not a person.
• 4もがいた（藻掻いた）is the past tense of もがく, meaning 'to struggle / to flounder.' It does not fit the context of treating a benefactor.

• もてなす — to entertain; to treat (a guest) with hospitality
• もらす — to leak; to let slip; to spill
• もたらす — to bring about; to cause
• もがく — to struggle; to flounder

一息（ひといき）入れる is a set phrase meaning 'to take a short rest / to catch one's breath.' The sentence says: 'We've walked quite a bit, haven't we? Shall we take a short rest here?' 一息入れましょうか (shall we take a breather?) fits perfectly.

• 1一括（いっかつ）means 'lumping together / doing all at once.' 一括する is used for consolidating payments or procedures, not for resting.
• 2一気（いっき）means 'in one breath / in one go.' 一気に飲む (drink in one go) is common, but 一気入れる is not a valid expression.
• 4一言（ひとこと）means 'a single word / a brief remark.' 一言言う (say a word) is natural, but 一言入れる is not a standard expression for resting.

• 一息ひといき — a short rest; a breather
• 一括いっかつ — lumping together; all at once
• 一気いっき — in one breath; in one go
• 一言ひとこと — a single word; a brief remark

貧弱（ひんじゃく）means 'frail / weak / poorly built,' and is commonly used to describe 体つき (physique/build). The sentence means: 'Perhaps because food was scarce in the past, people's physiques were frail.' 貧弱な体つき (a frail build) is a natural collocation.

• 2陰湿（いんしつ）means 'malicious / sinister / spiteful.' It describes personality or behavior, not physique.
• 3貧乏（びんぼう）means 'poor (financially).' While the context mentions food scarcity, 貧乏 describes financial poverty, not physical build. You would not say 体つきが貧乏.
• 4陰気（いんき）means 'gloomy / melancholy.' It describes atmosphere or mood, not physique.

• 貧弱ひんじゃく — frail; weak; poorly built
• 陰湿いんしつ — malicious; sinister; spiteful
• 貧乏びんぼう — poor (financially)
• 陰気いんき — gloomy; melancholy

改修（かいしゅう）means 'repair, renovation, restoration' and is the correct word for construction work on a building's roof. 屋根の改修工事（やねのかいしゅうこうじ）= 'roof repair work,' which fits perfectly with 工事が進められている ('construction work is underway').

• 2改定（かいてい）means 'revision' and is used for revising prices, fees, plans, or regulations (e.g., 運賃の改定 'fare revision'). It cannot apply to physical construction on a roof.
• 3改正（かいせい）means 'amendment, revision' and is used for laws and statutes (e.g., 法律の改正 'amendment of a law'). It does not apply to building repair work.
• 4改革（かいかく）means 'reform' and refers to systemic or structural reform of institutions, organizations, or systems (e.g., 税制改革 'tax reform'). It is not used for physical repair of a structure.

• 改修かいしゅう — repair, renovation, restoration (of buildings, equipment, roads, etc.)
• 改定かいてい — revision (of prices, fees, plans)
• 改正かいせい — amendment, revision (of laws, statutes)
• 改革かいかく — reform (of systems, institutions)

めざましく（目覚ましく）means 'remarkably, strikingly, spectacularly' and collocates naturally with 発展（はってん, 'development'）. めざましく発展している = 'developing remarkably,' which fits the context of a country making impressive progress in various fields.

• 1やかましく（喧ましく）means 'noisily, loudly, fussily' and describes loud sounds or excessive complaining. It does not collocate with 発展.
• 2なやましく（悩ましく）means 'distressingly, vexingly, tormentingly' and describes something that causes emotional distress or worry. It cannot modify 発展 in this context.
• 3かしましく（姉しく）means 'noisily, chattering, troublesome' and typically describes women/children being talkative and bothersome. It does not fit with 発展.

• めざましい — remarkable, striking, spectacular
• やかましい — noisy, loud, fussy
• なやましい — distressing, vexing, tormenting
• かしましい — noisy (chattering), troublesome (often of women/children)