N1 Vocabulary · Test 136

発足 (ほっそく) is the correct choice. It means the establishment or founding of an organization, or the start of its activities. The sentence says 'This organization was established last year with the purpose of contributing to international exchange,' so 発足した (was founded/started its activities) fits perfectly.

• 2発生 (はっせい) means 'to occur' or 'to happen' and is used for events, accidents, phenomena, or problems (e.g., 事故が発生した). It cannot be used for the founding of an organization.
• 3発作 (ほっさ) means 'a fit' or 'an attack' of an illness (e.g., せきの発作). It is completely unrelated to the context of establishing an organization.
• 4発進 (はっしん) means 'departure' or 'taking off,' used for vehicles, ships, aircraft, or rockets. It is not used for the establishment of an organization.

• 発足ほっそく — establishment/founding of an organization; to start activities
• 発生はっせい — occurrence; to happen (of events, accidents, phenomena)
• 発作ほっさ — fit; attack (of an illness)
• 発進はっしん — departure; taking off (of vehicles, ships, aircraft)

The correct option is 3. 過労 (かろう) means 'overwork'. When combined with the suffix 気味 (ぎみ, meaning 'slightly' or 'showing signs of'), 過労気味 (かろうぎみ) means 'slightly overworked' or 'showing signs of overwork'. This perfectly fits the context of the sentence: 'Lately work has been busy, so the employees are showing signs of overwork.'

• 1過多 (かた) means 'excess' or 'too much'. It is typically used for things like calories or information (e.g., カロリー過多, 情報過多). It does not describe the state of employees being tired from work, and 過多気味 is not a natural collocation.
• 2過剰 (かじょう) means 'excess' or 'surplus'. It is used for things like reactions, inventory, or population (e.g., 過剰反応, 過剰在庫). While 過剰気味 is grammatically possible, it does not fit the context of employees suffering from a busy workload.
• 4過密 (かみつ) means 'crowded' or 'dense'. It is used for schedules, cities, or timetables (e.g., 過密スケジュール). It does not describe the physical state of employees, and 過密気味 is not a natural collocation in this context.

• 過労かろう — overwork
• 過多かた — excess, too much
• 過剰かじょう — excess, surplus
• 過密かみつ — crowded, dense
• 気味ぎみ — suffix meaning 'slightly...', 'showing signs of...', '-ish'

The correct option is 4. 満場. The fixed phrase 満場一致（まんじょういっち） means 'unanimous' or 'agreement by the whole assembly.' The sentence means 'This resolution was adopted unanimously.' 満場 refers to the entire meeting/assembly, so 満場一致 describes a decision where everyone present is in agreement.

• 1満足（まんぞく） means 'satisfaction' or 'contentment.' 満足一致 is not a valid phrase and makes no sense in this context.
• 2満員（まんいん） means 'full capacity' or 'a full house' (e.g., a crowded train or sold-out venue). 満員一致 is not a valid expression.
• 3満身（まんしん） means 'the whole body,' seen in phrases like 満身創痍（まんしんそうい） 'covered in wounds.' 満身一致 is not a valid phrase and does not fit the context of a resolution.

• 満場一致まんじょういっち — unanimous; agreement by the entire assembly/meeting
• 満場まんじょう — the whole meeting/assembly; all present
• 満足まんぞく — satisfaction; contentment
• 満員まんいん — full capacity; a full house
• 満身まんしん — the whole body (as in 満身創痍)

The correct option is 1: 規制 (きせい). The sentence means 'As a measure against air pollution, the regulation of car exhaust gas was strengthened.' 規制 means 'regulation' or 'restriction,' and 排気ガス規制 (はいきガスきせい) is a very common compound word meaning 'exhaust gas regulations.' Furthermore, 規制 collocates perfectly with 強化される (きょうかされる - to be strengthened), making it the most natural choice for a government action against pollution.

• 2規格 (きかく) means 'standard' or 'specification.' While exhaust gas standards do exist, the phrase '規格が強化された' is less natural than '規制が強化された' in the context of countermeasures (対策) against pollution, which typically involve legal restrictions rather than just product specifications.
• 3規模 (きぼ) means 'scale' or 'scope.' The phrase '排気ガス規模' (scale of exhaust gas) is meaningless in this context and does not fit the sentence.
• 4規約 (きやく) means 'agreement,' 'rules,' or 'statute' (often referring to the rules of an organization or group). It does not fit the context of government regulations on car exhaust.

• 規制きせい — regulation, restriction
• 規格きかく — standard, specification
• 規模きぼ — scale, scope
• 規約きやく — agreement, rule, statute
• 排気ガス（はいきガス） — exhaust gas
• 強化きょうか — strengthening
• 大気汚染たいきおせん — air pollution
• 対策たいさく — countermeasure

The correct option is 2. ぐっすり. The phrase ぐっすり眠る (ぐっすりねむる) is a common collocation meaning 'to sleep soundly'. The sentence means 'Perhaps because I was tired, I slept soundly last night.' Being tired naturally leads to deep, sound sleep, so ぐっすり fits both grammatically and contextually.

• 1ぐったり (guttari) means 'exhausted, limp, tired'. It describes a state of physical exhaustion (e.g., ぐったりと座り込む - to sit down exhausted). It does not modify 眠る (to sleep) and would sound unnatural here, as it describes being tired rather than how one sleeps.
• 3げっそり (gessori) means 'to be dejected, disheartened, or to lose weight from shock/illness'. It has a negative connotation and is unrelated to sleeping. It cannot modify 眠れました.
• 4こっそり (kossori) means 'secretly, stealthily'. While it can modify verbs, こっそり眠る would mean 'to sleep secretly', which makes no sense in this context about being tired and sleeping well.

• ぐっすり — soundly, deeply (used with sleep)
• ぐったり — exhausted, limp, tired
• げっそり — dejected, disheartened; to lose weight
• こっそり — secretly, stealthily

In the stem, かたい (固い) means 'certain / secure / highly likely': 今年度の目標の達成はかたいようだ = 'It seems certain that this year's goal will be achieved.' Option 1 uses the same sense: 合格はかたい = 'passing is certain / a safe bet.' Both express strong likelihood or certainty of an outcome.

• 2頭のかたい means 'inflexible / stubborn' (rigid thinking). This is a different sense of かたい (固い = rigid), not 'certain.'
• 3かたい話 means 'formal / serious talk.' Here かたい (堅い) describes tone or atmosphere, not certainty.
• 4決意はかたい means 'one's determination is firm / resolute.' This is かたい (固い) describing steadfastness of will, not the certainty of an outcome.

• かたい（固い）（かたい） — certain, secure, highly likely (of an outcome)
• 達成たっせい — achievement, accomplishment
• 融通が利かない（ゆうずうがきかない） — inflexible, not adaptable

In the stem, 思い means 'earnest wish / desire': 思いがかなって = 'my wish came true.' Option 3 uses the same sense: 私たちの思いが通じたのか = 'perhaps our earnest feelings/wishes got through.' 思いが通じる means one's heartfelt wish reaches and is answered. Both refer to a deep personal wish that is fulfilled or reaches its target.

• 1楽しい思いができました = 'I had a pleasant experience.' Here 思い means 'experience / memory,' not 'wish.'
• 2思いを新たに = 'with renewed resolve.' Here 思い means 'determination / state of mind,' a different nuance from 'wish that comes true.'
• 4思いを寄せている人 = 'someone you have romantic feelings for.' Here 思い means 'romantic longing / affection,' a more specific emotional sense.

• 思おもいがかなう — one's wish comes true
• 思いが通じる（おもいがつうじる） — one's feelings/wishes reach the other party and are answered
• 思いを寄せる（おもいをよせる） — to have feelings for someone, to yearn for
• 赴任ふにん — assignment to a post, going to one's post

In the stem, きる (切る) means 'to sever / cut off': 縁をきらせた = 'made him sever ties.' Option 1 uses the same core sense: 電話をきった = 'hung up the phone' (literally cut/severed the connection). Both involve cutting off or severing a connection.

• 2記録をきれる = 'can break (cut) the record.' Here きる means 'to surpass / break a record,' a different idiomatic usage.
• 3ハンドルをきりました = 'turned the steering wheel.' Here きる means 'to turn,' a physical action unrelated to severing.
• 4口をきった = 'spoke / was the first to speak.' Here きる is part of the fixed expression 口を切る meaning 'to open one's mouth / to speak first,' unrelated to severing.

• 縁を切る（えんをきる） — to sever ties, to cut off a relationship
• 電話を切る（でんわをきる） — to hang up the phone
• 説得せっとく — persuasion, convincing

In the stem, あらい (粗い) means 'rough / lacking detail or precision': あらい計画 = 'a rough/crude plan' that lacks careful planning. Option 2 uses the same sense: 調べ方があらい = 'the way it was investigated is rough / not thorough.' Both describe something done without sufficient care or detail.

• 1波があらい = 'the waves are rough.' Here あらい (荒い) describes physical turbulence of water, not lack of precision.
• 3気があらい = 'has a wild/rough temper.' Here あらい (荒い) describes temperament, not lack of thoroughness.
• 4人使いがあらい = 'is rough/demanding in how he uses people.' Here あらい (荒い) means harsh or demanding, a different sense.

• あらい（粗い）（あらい） — rough, coarse, lacking detail or precision
• あらい（荒い）（あらい） — rough, wild, turbulent (of waves, temperament, etc.)
• 縁えん — ties, relationship, connection

In the stem, 相当 means 'equivalent to / corresponding to': レモン五個相当のビタミンC = 'an amount of vitamin C equivalent to five lemons.' Option 4 uses the same sense: 帯はベルトに相当する = 'the kimono sash corresponds to / is equivalent to a belt.' Both use 相当（する）to mean 'equivalent in value or function.'

• 1相当大変だ = 'quite / fairly tough.' Here 相当 is an adverb meaning 'considerably / quite,' not 'equivalent.'
• 2相当な数 = 'a considerable number.' Here 相当（な）is an adjective meaning 'considerable / substantial,' not 'equivalent.'
• 3相当の語学力 = 'considerable language ability.' Same as option 2: 相当（の）means 'considerable,' not 'equivalent.'

• 相当（する）（そうとう（する）） — to be equivalent to, to correspond to
• 相当（な/の）（そうとう（な/の）） — considerable, substantial (adjective)
• 相当（副詞）（そうとう） — considerably, fairly, quite (adverb)
• 含ふくまれる — to be contained, to be included