はがす (剥がす) means 'to peel off, to strip off something that is adhered/stuck to a surface.' Option 3 — 'Since it's a gift for a friend, I peeled off the price sticker' — is the prototypical usage: a sticker is stuck to a surface and you peel it off.
1'Kimura wrote a map in his notebook, then はがした that page and gave it to me.' Tearing a page out of a notebook is better expressed with 破り取る (やぶりとる) or 切り取る (きりとる). はがす specifically implies peeling something adhered to a surface, not tearing out a bound page.
2'When making jam, peel the apple skin.' Peeling fruit/vegetable skin uses むく (剥く), e.g., 皮をむく. はがす is not used for peeling produce skin.
4'My eyes get tired, so when I get home I immediately はがす my contact lenses.' Removing contact lenses uses 外す (はずす) or 取る (とる). はがす is not used for removing contact lenses.
剥がす — to peel off, to strip off (something stuck/adhered to a surface)
剥く — to peel (fruit/vegetable skin)
2.使い方として最もよいものを選びなさい：心構え
1金銭トラブルに遭わないようにするには、日ごろの心構えが大切だ。
2上司から海外赴任を打診されたが、なかなか心構えが決まらない。
3今年中に家を買って引っ越す心構えだったのに、まだいい物件が見つからない。
4石川さんがこんなに親切にしてくれるのは、何か心構えがあるんじゃないだろうか。
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Answer: 1. 金銭トラブルに遭わないようにするには、日ごろの心構えが大切だ。
心構え (こころがまえ) means 'mental preparation, readiness, attitude/mindset one should have.' Option 1 — 'To avoid financial troubles, one's daily mental preparation (mindset/readiness) is important' — uses 心構え correctly as a noun meaning the proper attitude or preparedness one maintains.
2'I was sounded out about an overseas assignment, but I can't decide my 心構え.' 心構え is a state of preparedness, not something you 'decide' (決まる). One would say 決心が決まらない or 返事が決まらない, but 心構えが決まらない is unnatural.
3'I was in the 心構え of buying a house and moving this year, but…' 心構え is not used to express an intention or plan. The correct word here would be つもり (intention) or 計画 (plan).
4'Ishikawa being so kind — doesn't it seem like there's some 心構え behind it?' This context calls for 意図 (いんとく/いと), 下心 (したごころ), or 計画 — a hidden motive or plan. 心構え (mental preparedness) does not fit.
損なう (そこなう) means 'to damage, impair, spoil, compromise (something abstract such as trust, health, reputation, confidence).' Option 2 — 'Due to repeated shipping errors, the trust relationship with customers was damaged (損なってしまった)' — is a textbook collocation: 信頼関係を損なう is standard and natural.
1'Many people worry that the economy will be 損なわれる by the tax increase.' 景気 (economic conditions) is typically described with 悪化する (あっかする) or 後退する (こうたいする), not 損なわれる. 損なう is used for things like trust, health, or reputation — not macroeconomic conditions.
3'When I failed at work and my confidence was 損なっていた, I read this book and felt better.' 損なう is a transitive verb meaning 'to damage X,' so 自信を損なっていた would mean 'I was damaging confidence,' which is unnatural when the speaker's own confidence was hurt. The correct expression would be 自信を失っていた or 自信が損なわれていた (passive).
4'According to the forecast, the weather will be 損なわれる this weekend.' Weather is described with 悪化する (あっかする) or 崩れる (くずれる), not 損なわれる. 損なう is not used for 天候/天気.
しがみつく means 'to cling to, to grasp tightly onto something (with hands/arms/legs), refusing to let go.' Option 1 — 'The child clung to his mother's leg, crying, and wouldn't let go' — is the perfect usage: a person actively gripping and clinging to another person or object.
2'Because of sweat, my shirt しがみついて to my skin and feels gross.' A shirt sticking to skin is described with 張り付く (はりつく) or くっつく — passive adhesion, not active clinging. しがみつく implies intentional grasping, which clothing cannot do.
3'The lid is しがみついて to the jar and won't open no matter how hard I push.' A lid stuck to a jar is 固着している or くっついている. しがみつく requires an animate subject actively gripping, which an inanimate lid cannot do.
4'Today's train was so crowded that my body しがみつく to the person next to me.' Being pressed against someone in a crowded train is described with 押し付けられる, ぴったりくっつく, or 密着する. しがみつく implies deliberately clinging, which does not fit this involuntary situation.
しがみつく — to cling to, to grasp tightly onto (with hands/arms/legs), refusing to let go
張り付く（はりつく） — to stick to, to adhere to (a surface)
5.使い方として最もよいものを選びなさい：工面
1制度の改正を求めて、街頭で署名を工面する活動を続けた。
2サービス向上のために、利用者からアイディアを工面した。
3選挙が近くなり、各政党は候補者を工面するのに必死だ。
4なんとか資金を工面して、ついに自分の店を持つことができた。
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Answer: 4. なんとか資金を工面して、ついに自分の店を持つことができた。
工面 (くめん) means to manage to arrange, scrape together, or procure something—most typically money or materials—often with some difficulty. Option 4, 'なんとか資金を工面して、ついに自分の店を持つことができた' (Somehow procured the funds and was finally able to open my own shop), is the correct usage because it describes gathering/arranging money, which is the core meaning of 工面.
1署名を工面する is incorrect. Signatures are collected or gathered, expressed with 集める (あつめる) or 募る (つのる). 工面 is not used for signatures.
2アイディアを工面した is incorrect. Ideas are solicited or gathered, using 募る (つのる) or 集める (あつめる). 工面 does not apply to abstract things like ideas.
3候補者を工面する is incorrect. Candidates are sought or fielded, using 擁立する (ようりつする) or 探す (さがす). 工面 is not used for people.
工面 — to arrange, scrape together, or procure (money/materials), often with effort
署名 — signature
資金 — funds, capital
候補者 — candidate
擁立する — to field/support a candidate
6.裏腹
1あの双子は外見はそっくりだが、全く裏腹の性格をしている。
2地図を見ると、商店街と住宅街は駅から裏腹の方角にあるようだ。
3前向きな言葉とは裏腹に課長の態度は消極的で、計画は一向に進まない。
4みんなが私を見るので変だと思ったら、セーターを裏腹に着ていた。
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Answer: 3. 前向きな言葉とは裏腹に課長の態度は消極的で、計画は一向に進まない。
裏腹（うらはら）means 'contrary to' or 'running counter to,' describing a situation where one thing contradicts or is opposite to another. Option 3 says: 'Contrary to (裏腹に) his positive words, the manager's attitude was passive, and the plan made no progress.' The contrast between positive words and passive attitude is exactly what 裏腹 captures.
1This says the twins look identical but have 'completely 裏腹 personalities.' 裏腹 means 'contrary to something,' not simply 'opposite/different.' For opposite personalities you would use 正反対（せいはんたい）or 逆（ぎゃく）.
2This treats 裏腹 as a direction (the opposite side from the station). 裏腹 is not a spatial/directional term; you would use 反対側（はんたいがわ）or 裏手（うらて）.
4This says the sweater was worn 裏腹, meaning inside-out. 裏返し（うらがえし）is the correct word for wearing something inside-out, not 裏腹.
裏腹 — contrary, running counter to; (〜に) contrary to ...
正反対 — exact opposite
裏返し — inside-out, turned inside out
7.耐えがたい
1今年の夏は例年になく気温が上がり、毎日耐えがたい暑さが続いている。
2このお菓子は湿気に耐えがたいので、開封したら早めに食べたほうがいい。
3そんなぜいたくな暮らしをしていたら、すぐに貯金が耐えがたくなるだろう。
4この自転車は何度も修理して使っていたが、もう耐えがたいようだ。
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Answer: 1. 今年の夏は例年になく気温が上がり、毎日耐えがたい暑さが続いている。
耐えがたい（たえがたい）means 'hard to endure, unbearable,' attached to a noun describing a hardship or suffering. Option 1 says: 'This summer the temperature rose more than usual, and 耐えがたい (unbearable) heat continued every day.' 暑さ（heat) is a hardship one endures, so 耐えがたい暑さ is a perfect collocation.
2This says the snack is 耐えがたい to moisture. 耐えがたい describes something a person cannot endure, not a property of an object being vulnerable to something. You would use 弱い（よわい）or 影響を受けやすい.
3This says savings will become 耐えがたい. Savings depleting is not something you 'endure,' so 耐えがたい does not fit. You would use なくなる or 尽きる.
4This says the bicycle seems 耐えがたい after many repairs. A bicycle does not 'endure' in the human sense; 耐えがたい requires a human experiencer. You would use もたない or 限界だ.
耐えがたい — hard to endure, unbearable, intolerable (used of hardship/suffering a person faces)
耐える — to endure, withstand, bear
8.携わる
1来年、高校を受験するので、現在受験勉強に携わっています。
2私は企業で薬品の開発に携わっており、日々研究に追われている。
3仕事を辞めて自由な時間ができたので、新しい趣味に携わりはじめた。
4今日は午前中は来客と面会し、午後は2時間企画会議に携わる予定だ。
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Answer: 2. 私は企業で薬品の開発に携わっており、日々研究に追われている。
携わる（たずさわる）means to be engaged in or involved in a professional or formal undertaking—work, research, a project, an activity of significance. Option 2 says: 'I am engaged in (携わって) drug development at a company, and I am busy with research every day.' 薬品の開発 (drug development) is a professional research activity, making this the correct usage.
1This says 'I am 携わる in exam preparation.' Exam studying is personal study, not a professional/formal undertaking. You would use 取り組む（とりくむ）or 励む（はげむ）.
3This says 'I started 携わる a new hobby.' 携わる is not used for casual hobbies; you would use 始める or 没頭する（ぼっとうする）.
4This says 'In the afternoon I will 携わる a planning meeting for two hours.' You participate in or attend a meeting; 携わる is not used for attending a meeting. You would use 出る or 参加する（さんかする）.
携わる — to be engaged in, to participate in (work, research, a project, a formal activity)
取り組む（とりくむ） — to tackle, to work on (a task/problem)
参加する — to participate, to attend
9.人一倍
1村田さんが自分の会社を持てたのは、これまで人一倍努力してきたからだ。
2あの人は大切なお客様なので、人一倍上等なワインでもてなしたい。
3弟は子どものころから体が大きくて、身長はいつもクラスで人一倍だった。
4タレントの中村さんの司会が好評で、この番組の視聴率は人一倍だ。
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Answer: 1. 村田さんが自分の会社を持てたのは、これまで人一倍努力してきたからだ。
人一倍（ひといちばい）means 'more than others, exceptionally,' and is used to emphasize that someone does something—especially effort, diligence, or a virtue—to a greater degree than ordinary people. Option 1 says: 'The reason Murata could have his own company is that he has worked 人一倍 (harder than others) all this time.' 努力（どりょく, effort) is the classic collocation for 人一倍.
2This says 'Because he is an important guest, I want to treat him with 人一倍 fine wine.' 人一倍 is not used to intensify the quality/grade of a thing. You would use とびきり or 特別に.
3This says 'My brother has always been 人一倍 in height in his class.' 人一倍 modifies degree of effort or a personal quality/action, not a physical measurement like height. You would use ひときわ or 一番.
4This says 'The show's ratings are 人一倍.' 人一倍 does not modify a measurable quantity like viewership ratings. You would use 飛躍的に（ひやくてきに）or 格段に（かくだんに）.
人一倍 — more than others, exceptionally (used especially with effort, diligence, care, etc.)
とびきり — exceptionally, extra-fine (used for quality/grade)
ひときわ — conspicuously, notably (used for standing out)
10.復旧
1長く待たされたが、雨で中断された野球の試合がもうすぐ復旧するらしい。
2あの二人はけんかしても必ず復旧するので、本当は仲がいいのだろう。
3今年の冬はひどい風邪をひいてしまい、仕事になかなか復旧できなかった。
4昨夜から停電が続いていたが、先ほど12時間振りにようやく復旧した。
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Answer: 4. 昨夜から停電が続いていたが、先ほど12時間振りにようやく復旧した。
復旧（ふっきゅう） means 'restoration/recovery' of a system, facility, or service that had stopped functioning due to a breakdown, disaster, or accident. Option 4 is correct: a power outage (停電) had continued since last night, and the electricity service has finally been restored (復旧した). This is the proper context for 復旧.
復帰 — return, comeback (to work/society/a role after absence)
停電 — power outage
中断 — suspension, interruption
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