N2 Grammar · Test 36

The correct answer is 2 (からには). ～からには means 'now that / since / if (one has decided to),' expressing a strong resolution or obligation: 'Since I am accepting this job, I will do my best.' It implies that once a condition is set, a natural consequence or commitment follows.

• 1からに — This is not a complete grammar point. からに appears only in fossilized forms like するからには but is not itself a valid conjunction.
• 3かぎりに — ～かぎりに means 'as a limit / ending with,' as in 今月かぎりで ('as of the end of this month'). It does not express 'since/now that.'
• 4かぎりで — ～かぎりで means 'as far as / to the extent that,' used for judgments based on limited information (e.g., 私の知るかぎりで). It does not express the causal/resolution sense needed here.

• 引き受ける（ひきうける） — to accept (a job/responsibility)
• 全力ぜんりょく — all one's power, full effort
• ～からには — now that / since (one has committed to something), one should/will…

The correct answer is 1 (つき). ～につき means 'per ～' and is used to express a rate or unit: 一か月につき3000円 = '3,000 yen per month.' The sentence reads: 'The water bill costs 3,000 yen per month.'

• 2とって — ～にとって means 'for (someone's perspective),' as in 私にとって ('for me'). It cannot express a per-unit rate.
• 3わたり — ～にわたり means 'over a period of / spanning,' as in 三日にわたり ('over three days'). It describes duration/scope, not a per-unit cost.
• 4かけ — ～にかけ is not a standard rate expression. (にかけって would be 'toward / aiming at,' which does not fit.)

• 水道代すいどうだい — water bill
• 一か月（いっかげつ） — one month
• ～につき — per ～ (unit rate)

The correct answer is 4 (かかわる). にかかわる means 'related to / concerning / involving.' 市民の生活にかかわるさまざまな相談 = 'various consultations related to citizens' daily lives.' The city hall responds to consultations that concern citizens' livelihoods.

• 1かける — にかける means 'to bet on / to spend (time) / to hang.' It does not mean 'related to.'
• 2かわる — にかわる means 'on behalf of / in place of,' as in 父にかわって ('on behalf of my father'). The consultations are not 'in place of' citizens' lives; they are 'about' them.
• 3かする — かする is not a standard verb in this context. (割る/課する exist but do not fit the pattern にかする meaning 'related to.')

• 市役所しやくしょ — city hall
• 市民しみん — citizens
• 生活せいかつ — daily life, livelihood
• 相談に応じる（そうだんにおうじる） — to respond to consultations
• かかわる — to be related to, to concern

The correct answer is 2 (くらべ). にくらべ (比べ, くらべ) means 'compared to ～.' 諸外国にくらべ日本は… = 'Compared to various foreign countries, Japan produces more garbage per person.' This is a standard comparison structure.

• 1よって — によって means 'depending on / by means of / due to,' as in 国によって違う ('differs by country'). It does not express 'compared to.'
• 3しらべ — 調べ (しらべ) means 'investigation / to investigate.' It is not a comparison expression.
• 4はじめ — ～をはじめ means 'starting with ～ / ～ and others,' as in 社長をはじめ ('starting with the president'). It does not express comparison.

• 諸外国しょがいこく — various foreign countries
• ごみ — garbage, trash
• 量りょう — amount, quantity
• ～にくらべ(て) — compared to ～

The correct answer is 1 (おうじて). 応じて (おうじて) means 'in response to / according to.' ご希望に応じて = 'in response to your requests/wishes.' The sentence means: 'We intend to produce products in accordance with everyone's wishes.'

• 2つけて — につけて is not a standard pattern meaning 'in response to.' (～につけ means 'whenever ～,' as in 思い出すにつけ 'whenever I recall,' which does not fit.)
• 3じつげんして — 実現して (じつげんして) means 'to realize / make something happen.' It does not follow に and does not mean 'in response to.'
• 4ひかくして — 比較して (ひかくして) means 'comparing.' ご希望に比較して is unnatural and does not convey 'in accordance with.'

• 商品しょうひん — products, goods
• 生産せいさんする — to produce, manufacture
• ～に応じて（～におうじて） — in response to / according to

「〜ほど〜ない」is a comparison pattern meaning 'there is nothing as ~ as ...'. The sentence means: 'There is probably no incident that gave people as much fear as the incident that happened the other day.' ほど marks the standard of comparison (the recent incident).

• 1「だけ」means 'only' and cannot form the comparison structure「〜だけ〜ないだろう」with the intended meaning.
• 2「こそ」is an emphatic particle ('it is precisely ~ that'). It does not create the comparative 'as ~ as' meaning needed here.
• 4「ばかり」means 'only / nothing but' or 'just (finished)'. It cannot express the degree comparison required by the sentence.

• 事件（じけん） — incident, case
• 恐怖感（きょうふかん） — sense of fear, feeling of terror
• 〜ほど〜ない — not as ~ as; nothing is as ~ as

「対する」means 'toward / directed at'.「お客に対する言葉づかいや態度」= 'the way of speaking and attitude toward customers.' The shop pays special attention to language and attitude directed at customers. This is a noun-modifying usage: N に対する N.

• 2「ともなう」means 'to accompany / to go with' or 'when it comes to (a level)'. It does not mean 'toward' and cannot modify 言葉づかいや態度 correctly here.
• 3「おける」means 'in / at (a place or situation)' (NにおけるN). 'お客における' is unnatural; you would need a location/situation noun, not a person.
• 4「基づく」means 'based on / according to'. 'Words and attitude based on customers' does not make sense in this context.

• 言葉づかい（ことばづかい）（ことばづかい） — way of speaking, choice of words
• 態度（たいど） — attitude, manner
• 注意を払う（ちゅういをはらう）（ちゅういをはらう） — to pay attention to
• 〜に対する（〜にたいする）（〜にたいする） — toward; directed at (someone/something)

「にすぎない」means 'nothing more than / merely'. The sentence says: 'A says the reason for quitting the company was illness, but that is nothing more than a mere excuse.' たんなる口実にすぎない = 'it is merely a mere excuse,' emphasizing that the stated reason is not the real one.

• 1「による」means 'due to / by means of'. '口実による' would mean 'by means of an excuse,' which does not complete the sentence grammatically or semantically.
• 2「に限らない」means 'not limited to'. 'It is not limited to a mere excuse' contradicts the intended meaning that it IS just an excuse.
• 3「に及ぶ」means 'to reach / to extend to / to amount to'. It does not convey 'merely / nothing more than' and is semantically wrong here.

• 口実（こうじつ） — excuse, pretext
• たんなる — mere, simple (emphasizing it is only that)
• 〜にすぎない — it is nothing more than ~; merely ~

「以上（は）」means 'now that / since (I have done something), I should/will…'. It expresses a strong sense of resolve or obligation that follows from a decision or commitment. 'Now that I have decided not to drink anymore, no matter how much I am invited, I absolutely want to keep that promise.' The pattern requires a past-tense or completed action before 以上は.

• 1「わけは」is part of「〜わけはない/わけがない」(there is no reason that ~) or「〜わけは〜だ」(the reason why ~ is...). Neither fits the 'now that I decided' meaning.
• 2「以内は」means 'within (a limit)'. It is not used after a decision clause to express resolve.
• 3「うちは」means 'while (a state continues) / as long as'. While it can follow a clause, it does not carry the strong 'since I made this decision, I am bound by it' nuance that 以上は does.

• 決める（きめる）（きめる） — to decide
• 誘う（さそう）（さそう） — to invite, to tempt
• 守る（まもる）（まもる） — to keep (a promise), to abide by
• 〜以上は（〜いじょうは）（〜いじょうは） — now that ~; since (one has committed to) ~

「をはじめ」means 'starting with ~ / including ~ (as a representative example)'. The sentence lists various problems in big cities, with garbage disposal as the representative/first example: 'In big cities there are various problems, starting with garbage disposal, earthquake countermeasures, traffic congestion, etc.' The pattern Nをはじめ、N、N… is the standard way to introduce a representative item followed by other examples.

• 1「をめぐって」means 'concerning / regarding / around (an issue)' and is typically followed by a debate, dispute, or discussion verb. It does not introduce a list of examples.
• 3「において」means 'in / at (a place or situation)'. It cannot connect ゴミ処理 to the following list of examples.
• 4「にとって」means 'for (someone's perspective)'. 'For garbage disposal' is nonsensical here.

• ゴミ処理（ゴミしょり）（ゴミしょり） — garbage disposal / waste processing
• 地震対策（じしんたいさく） — earthquake countermeasures
• 交通渋滞（こうつうじゅうたい） — traffic congestion
• 〜をはじめ — starting with ~; including ~ (as a representative example)