N3 Grammar · Test 9

によって here means 'depending on.' The sentence says: 'Professional photographers change lenses depending on the weather and location.' 天気や場所によってレンズを替える naturally expresses that the choice of lens varies according to conditions.

• 1にとって means 'for (someone's perspective),' e.g., 私にとって 'for me.' It cannot be used with 天気や場所 to mean 'depending on.'
• 3において means 'in/at (a place or time),' e.g., 会議において 'at the meeting.' It does not convey 'depending on.'
• 4に比べて means 'compared to,' e.g., 昨年に比べて 'compared to last year.' The sentence is not comparing weather or location to something else.

• によって — depending on; by means of; due to
• にとって — for (someone's standpoint/perspective)
• において — in; at (a place or time)
• に比べて（にくらべて） — compared to

もちろん means 'of course.' The athlete replies: 'Of course — winning the championship. I'm not thinking of anything else.' The confident, single-minded tone matches もちろん perfectly, and それ以外、考えていません reinforces it.

• 1必ずしも means 'not necessarily' and is almost always used with a negative predicate (必ずしも〜ない). It cannot precede 優勝です positively.
• 2非常に means 'very/extremely' and modifies adjectives or verbs, not nouns like 優勝. 非常に優勝です is ungrammatical.
• 4あまりにも means 'too (much)' and expresses excess, e.g., あまりにも高い. It does not fit the confident declaration of a goal.

• もちろん — of course; naturally
• 必かならずしも — not necessarily (used with negative)
• 非常ひじょうに — very; extremely
• あまりにも — too; excessively

読んだり is part of the 〜たり〜たりする pattern that lists representative activities. 本を読んだりしています means 'I do things like reading books (among other activities).' This naturally answers 'What do you usually do on Sundays?'

• 2読んだから means 'because I read (a book)' and does not connect grammatically with して in this pattern.
• 3読んで alone before して is ungrammatical here; 本を読んでしています does not form a valid construction.
• 4読んでから means 'after reading,' but 本を読んでからしています ('after reading, I do') is grammatically and semantically unnatural for answering 'What do you do?'

• 〜たり〜たりする — do things such as ... and ... (listing representative actions)
• 読よむ — to read

寝ろ is the imperative (command) form of 寝る. The father scolded the child, saying 'Go to sleep early!' — 父に「早く寝ろ」と怒られた. The quotative と follows the direct quote of the father's words, which would naturally be a command.

• 1寝られる is the passive, potential, or honorific form. None of these function as a direct command quote from an angry father.
• 2寝ている means 'is sleeping / is asleep.' As a quoted command it makes no sense: 'Go to sleep early — is sleeping' is ungrammatical in context.
• 4寝たいか means 'Do you want to sleep?' — a question, not a command. An angry father would not ask this.

• 寝ねろ — go to sleep! (imperative form of 寝る)
• 怒おこられる — to be scolded (passive of 怒る)
• 夜中よなか — middle of the night

らしい here means 'typical of / befitting / characteristic of.' 動物が好きな田村さんらしい部屋だ means 'It is a room typical of Tamura-san, who loves animals.' Noun + らしい expresses that something has the characteristic qualities expected of that noun.

• 2である is the formal copula 'is.' 田村さんである部屋だ is ungrammatical — である cannot modify a noun like 部屋 in this way.
• 3そうな means 'seeming/looking like' and attaches to verb stems or い-adjective stems, not directly to a noun like 田村さん. 田村さんそうな is ungrammatical.
• 4ばかりの means 'only / nothing but.' 田村さんばかりの部屋だ would imply the room is 'nothing but Tamura-san,' which is nonsensical.

• 〜らしい — typical of; befitting; characteristic of (Noun + らしい)
• 飾かざってある — is decorated with (state resulting from an action)
• そうな — seeming; looking like (attaches to verb/adj stems)
• ばかり — only; nothing but

The full sentence is: 娘が歌手になることには反対でしたが、娘も一生けんめいがんばろうとしているので応援してやろうかと思っています。'I was opposed to my daughter becoming a singer, but since she is trying so hard, I think I should support her.' The order is 1→4→★2→3. ★ = 応援して (option 2), which connects with やろうか to form 応援してやろうか ('shall I support her').

• 1がんばろうとして goes before いるので (option 4) to form がんばろうとしているので ('since she is trying hard'), placing it in the first blank, not at ★.
• 3やろうか follows 応援して to form 応援してやろうか ('shall I support (her)'), so it goes after ★, not at ★.
• 4いるので attaches to がんばろうとして to form がんばろうとしているので ('since she is trying'), filling the second blank, not ★.

• 反対(はんたい) — opposition; to be opposed to
• 一生いっしょうけんめい — with all one's might; very hard
• 応援(おうえん)する — to support; to cheer on
• 〜てやる — to do something for someone (casual, slightly condescending)

The full sentence is: ここにある家具は今はどれも使っていないけれども、いつかまた使うかもしれないと思うと、捨てられない。'The furniture here — none of which I'm currently using — but when I think I might use them again someday, I can't throw them away.' The order is 4→3→★1→2. ★ = けれども (option 1), which connects the two clauses: 今はどれも使っていないけれども ('although I'm not using any of them now').

• 2いつかまた ('someday again') modifies 使うかもしれない, so it goes after けれども, in the last blank.
• 3使っていない follows 今はどれも (option 4) to form 今はどれも使っていない ('not using any of them now'), filling the second blank.
• 4今はどれも ('currently, all of them') starts the description of the furniture, filling the first blank.

• 家具(かぐ) — furniture
• 捨(す)てられない — cannot throw away
• けれども — but; however
• いつか — someday; at some point

The full sentence is: 書いたまま出すのを忘れていた友人への手紙が引き出しにあった。'A letter to a friend, written but forgotten to be sent, was in the drawer.' The order is 1→3→★2→4. ★ = 忘れていた (option 2), which connects: 書いたまま出すのを忘れていた ('left as written and forgotten to send'), modifying 友人への手紙.

• 1まま follows 書いた to form 書いたまま ('left in the state of having been written'), filling the first blank.
• 3出すのを follows まま to form 出すのを忘れていた ('forgot to send'), filling the second blank before ★.
• 4友人への ('to a friend') modifies 手紙, so it goes in the last blank, right before 手紙.

• 〜まま — left in a certain state; as it is
• 忘(わす)れていた — had forgotten (past state)
• 引(ひ)き出(だ)し — drawer

The full sentence is: 雨がいつ降ってもおかしくないですね。'It wouldn't be strange if it rained at any time, would it?' The order is 2→4→★3→1. ★ = おかしく (option 3), which connects with ない (option 1) to form おかしくない ('not strange / not odd'). The pattern 〜てもおかしくない means 'it wouldn't be surprising if ~.'

• 1ない follows おかしく (option 3) to form おかしくない ('not strange'), filling the last blank after ★.
• 2いつ ('when/at any time') goes before 降っても to form いつ降っても ('even if it rains at any time'), filling the first blank.
• 4降っても follows いつ (option 2) to form いつ降っても ('whenever it rains / even if it rains at any time'), filling the second blank.

• 〜てもおかしくない — it wouldn't be strange/surprising if ~
• 降(ふ)っても — even if it rains

The full sentence is: ごめん。ちょうど出かけるところでゆっくり話す時間がないから、あとで私から電話するね。'Sorry. I'm just about to head out and don't have time to talk at leisure, so I'll call you later.' The order is 3→1→★4→2. ★ = 時間がないから (option 4), which connects: ゆっくり話す時間がないから ('because there's no time to talk slowly'), followed by あとで私から電話するね ('I'll call you later').

• 1ゆっくり話す ('talk slowly/at leisure') modifies 時間 (time) to form ゆっくり話す時間 ('time to talk slowly'), filling the second blank.
• 2あとで ('later') goes after 時間がないから, filling the last blank before 私から電話するね.
• 3ところで follows ちょうど出かける to form ちょうど出かけるところで ('just about to leave'), filling the first blank.

• 〜ところだ — just about to; on the point of doing something
• ゆっくり — slowly; at leisure; without rushing
• あとで — later; afterwards