N1 Grammar · Test 55

The pattern ～ないことには～ない means 'unless/until one does X, one cannot do Y.' Here, 見ないことには対策はたてられません means 'Unless I see the accident scene with my own eyes, I cannot formulate countermeasures.' The negative form 見ない is required before ことには to express this conditional necessity.

• 1見たことには is grammatically incorrect. The pattern ないことには requires the negative form, not the past affirmative form 見た.
• 2見ることには does not form a valid grammar pattern. The dictionary form 見る cannot precede ことには to express 'unless.'
• 4見なかったことには is grammatically wrong. The pattern requires the plain negative 見ない, not the past negative 見なかった.

• ことには — grammar pattern: ～ないことには～ない — unless/until one does X, one cannot do Y
• 対策たいさく — countermeasures, measures
• 事故現場じこげんば — accident scene

The pattern ～のみならず means 'not only... but also' and can follow the dictionary form of verbs (V-辞書形 + のみならず). するのみならず correctly connects: 'Chimpanzees not only imitate humans, but there are also reports that they cooperate on joint tasks.' The dictionary form する is the standard form expected before のみならず in this grammar point.

• 1してのみならず is grammatically possible in some contexts, but the standard JLPT grammar pattern for ～のみならず takes the dictionary form (する), not the て-form. In this sentence, する is the expected answer.
• 3せず means 'without doing,' so せずのみならず is ungrammatical and does not fit the 'not only... but also' meaning.
• 4しまい is the volitional form of する, and しまいのみならず is ungrammatical and nonsensical here.

• のみならず — grammar pattern: not only... but also (follows V-辞書形 or N)
• 模倣もほう — imitation
• 共同作業きょうどうさぎょう — collaborative work, joint work

The pattern V-てはじめて means 'only after doing X did I come to know/realize Y.' 読んでみてはじめて古典の面白さを知った means 'Only after actually reading it did I come to know the appeal of the classics.' The form はじめて (the adverbial form, literally 'for the first time') is the correct one after the て-form of a verb.

• 1はじめ is the stem (連用形) of 始める, but the pattern requires はじめて (the て-form of the adverbial expression), not はじめ.
• 2はじめで is not a valid form. There is no grammar pattern V-て + はじめで.
• 4はじめると is the dictionary form + と, which does not form the V-てはじめて pattern. It would create an ungrammatical sentence.

• てはじめて — grammar pattern: only after doing X (for the first time) did one realize/know Y
• 古典こてん — classics (classical literature)

The fixed expression 以前にもまして means 'more than ever before' or 'more than previously.' 以前にもまして高まっている means 'has increased more than before.' The particle に is required in this set phrase: 以前 + に + もまして.

• 1まで produces 以前までもまして, which is not a valid expression. The correct particle is に, not まで.
• 2から produces 以前からもまして, which is ungrammatical. から does not fit the fixed pattern.
• 3で produces 以前でもまして, which is not the correct fixed expression. The required particle is に.

• にもまして — grammar pattern: more than...; used in 以前にもまして (more than ever before)
• 半導体はんどうたい — semiconductor
• 需要じゅよう — demand

The pattern V-た + からには means 'since X has happened, one must/should do Y' — expressing a strong sense of obligation or natural consequence. 頼まれたからには断るわけにはいかない means 'Since I was asked by a teacher who has helped me, I cannot refuse.' The からには pattern correctly conveys this sense of 'given that X, then Y is the only option.'

• 2からでは is not a valid grammar pattern. では cannot replace には in this construction.
• 3までには is not a valid grammar pattern in this context. までには does not convey the 'since...then' meaning needed here.
• 4まででは is not a valid grammar pattern. It does not form any known JLPT expression.

• からには — grammar pattern: since X is the case, one must do Y (expressing obligation/natural consequence)
• 断ことわる — to refuse, to decline
• わけにはいかない — cannot (due to social/moral obligation); cannot bring oneself to

The correct answer is 2 (まして). The pattern 〜にもまして means 'even more than ~' or 'to an even greater degree than ~.' 昨年にもまして台風が多い = 'there are even more typhoons than last year,' which fits the context that a good harvest cannot be expected.

• 1ひきかえ means 'in contrast to / on the contrary' (〜にひきかえ). While it can compare two things, it implies contrast rather than 'even more than,' so it does not convey the intended meaning of 'exceeding last year.'
• 3いたって means 'extremely / very' (〜にいたって is 'reaching the point of'), which does not fit the comparative structure 昨年にも〜.
• 4あたって means 'on the occasion of / facing' (〜にあたって), used for timing of an event, not for comparison.

• にもまして — even more than ~; to a greater degree than ~
• 昨年さくねん — last year
• 豊作ほうさく — good harvest

The correct answer is 4 (しない). The pattern 〜といったらありはしない (colloquially 〜といったらありゃしない) is a fixed emphatic expression meaning 'it is incredibly/extremely ~' or 'words cannot describe how ~.' 腹立たしいといったらありゃしない = 'it is infuriating beyond words.'

• 1すまない means 'cannot be settled/cleared up' and does not form part of this idiom.
• 2ならない is used in 〜てならない ('cannot help being ~'), but the fixed pattern here is 〜といったらありはしない, not ありならない.
• 3こない does not complete the idiom; 〜といったらありゃこない is not a valid expression.

• 〜といったらありはしない — it is extremely ~; beyond words how ~ (emphatic colloquial expression, also contracted as 〜といったらありゃしない)
• 腹立はらだたしい — infuriating, maddening

The correct answer is 2 (かかわる). 人命にかかわる means 'concerning/involving human life' or 'a matter of life and death.' This fits perfectly: 'Emergency rescue operations concern human life, so every second counts (一刻を争う).'

• 1いたる means 'to reach/arrive at' (〜にいたる); 人命にいたる is not a natural collocation and does not convey 'concerning life and death.'
• 3あたる means 'to hit / to correspond to / to be someone's turn'; 人命にあたる does not make sense here.
• 4かわる means 'to change' (変わる) or 'to substitute' (代わる); neither fits the pattern 人命に〜ことだ.

• かかわる — to concern, to relate to, to involve (matters of importance)
• 人命じんめい — human life
• 一刻を争う（いっこくをあらそう） — to race against time; every moment counts

The correct answer is 3 (ふうに). 〜というふうにすれば means 'if you do it in such a way that ~' or 'if you make it so that ~.' だれでも利用できるというふうにすればいい = 'I think it would be good to make it so that anyone can use the university library.'

• 1なりに means 'in one's own way / to the extent of'; 〜というなりにすれば is not a natural pattern for 'make it so that ~.'
• 2おかげに means 'thanks to ~' (causal gratitude); 〜というおかげにすれば is grammatically and semantically wrong here.
• 4かぎりに means 'as of / up to' (〜をかぎりに, used for a cutoff point); it does not fit the meaning 'in such a way that ~.'

• ふうに — in such a way; in this manner (〜というふうに = 'in such a way that ~')
• 利用りようできる — can use, can utilize

The correct answer is 4 (までもなく). 〜までもなく means 'without even needing to ~' or 'needless to say.' 人に言われるまでもなく = 'without even needing to be told by others.' The sentence means: 'Needless to be told by anyone, the responsibility for this incident lies with me.'

• 1ほどもなく is not a valid grammatical pattern in this context.
• 2わけもなく means 'without any reason'; 人に言われるわけもなく would mean 'without any reason for being told,' which does not convey 'needless to say.'
• 3はずもなく means 'there is no possibility of ~'; 人に言われるはずもなく = 'there is no way anyone would tell me,' which changes the meaning entirely.

• 〜までもなく — without even needing to ~; needless to (do something)
• 責任せきにん — responsibility
• 事件じけん — incident, case