N1 Grammar · Test 56

べからず is a classical/literary prohibition meaning 'must not.' It attaches to the dictionary form of a verb: 立ち入る + べからず = 'must not enter.' This is the standard language used on warning signs. The full sign reads: 'Danger! Under construction, do not enter.'

• 1立ち入りたまえ uses 〜たまえ, which is a (somewhat masculine) command form meaning 'do ~.' This would mean 'Enter!' — the opposite of what a danger sign requires.
• 3立ち入ること is grammatically incomplete for a prohibition. A sign would need 立ち入ることなかれ or similar; 立ち入ること alone is not a complete prohibition.
• 4立ち入らざる is incomplete. 〜ざる is the classical negative attributive form and needs a following noun (e.g., 立ち入らざるべき) to form a prohibition. On its own it cannot end the sentence.

• 〜べからず — must not ~ (literary/written prohibition, used on signs)
• 立ち入る（たちいる） — to enter (a restricted area)
• 工事中こうじちゅう — under construction

なるものと思われる is a formal written expression meaning 'it is thought/expected that ~ will become ~.' It fits perfectly: 'It is thought that the cause of the accident will be clarified through this investigation.' The passive と思われる conveys the writer's objective, hedged judgment — appropriate for a report-style sentence.

• 1なってやまない means 'cannot stop doing ~' and expresses deep ongoing emotion (e.g., 感謝してやまない). It is used with verbs of emotion, not with 明らかになる, and does not fit a factual report context.
• 2なってみせる means 'will definitely ~ (showing determination).' This expresses the speaker's strong will to make something happen, which is inappropriate for an objective report about an investigation's outcome.
• 4なるわけにはいかない means 'cannot (morally/socially) allow ~ to happen.' This would mean 'the cause cannot be allowed to become clear,' which is nonsensical in this context.

• 明あきらかになる — to become clear, to be clarified
• 〜ものと思われる（〜ものとおもわれる） — it is thought/considered that ~ (formal written judgment)
• 調査ちょうさ — investigation, survey

会えないままになっている means 'has remained in the state of not being able to meet.' 〜ままに(は)なる describes a situation where an undesirable state continues unchanged against one's wishes. Combined with ずっと, it conveys: 'Ever since graduating high school, I've remained unable to see Mori-san.'

• 2会えないよりしかたがない is ungrammatical. The correct form would be 会えないよりほか(は)ない or 会えないよりしかたがない would need restructuring. As written, it does not form a proper sentence.
• 3会うばかりにしてある is grammatically incoherent. 〜ばかりに means 'just because ~ (with negative result),' and 〜てある describes a deliberate resulting state. The combination makes no sense here.
• 4会うまでもない means 'there is no need to meet.' This contradicts the context — the speaker has simply been unable to meet, not that meeting is unnecessary.

• 〜ままになる — to remain stuck in a certain (often undesirable) state
• 〜以来（〜いらい） — since ~ (a point in time)

落ち込むのもおもっともだ means 'it is quite understandable that he is depressed.' もおもっともだ = 'it is reasonable/understandable that ~.' Given that he was betrayed by his best friend, his depression is entirely natural and justified — this fits perfectly.

• 1落ち込んでもしれている is not a standard expression. If it were 落ち込むのも当然だ ('it's natural'), it would work, but 〜もしれている is not valid Japanese.
• 2落ち込むにはあたらない means 'it is not worth ~ / there is no need to ~.' This would dismiss his depression as unwarranted — the opposite of what the context (betrayal by a best friend) calls for.
• 4落ち込めばきりがない means 'if he gets depressed, there'll be no end to it.' This implies his depression is excessive or endless, which is unsympathetic and does not match the causal structure 親友に裏切られたんだから ('since he was betrayed').

• 〜もおもっともだ（〜ももっともだ） — it is understandable/reasonable that ~
• 落ち込む（おちこむ） — to be depressed, to feel down
• 裏切うらぎる — to betray

行きそびれた (いきそびれた) means 'missed the chance to go / failed to go due to circumstances.' The sentence says 'I really wanted to see this movie, but I was busy and ___.' Being busy caused the speaker to miss the opportunity to go see the film, so 行きそびれた fits perfectly.

• 2行きかけた means 'started to go / was about to go.' This would imply the speaker began going, which contradicts the nuance of missing the movie due to being busy.
• 3行かずにはいられなかった means 'couldn't help but go / couldn't resist going.' This would mean the speaker went despite being busy, contradicting the context.
• 4行かないこともなかった means 'it's not that I didn't go' (i.e., I did go eventually). This contradicts the regretful tone of missing the film.

• 〜そびれる — to miss the chance to do something (V-stem + そびれる)
• 〜かけた — started to / was about to (V-stem + かける)
• 〜ずにはいられない — cannot help but do, cannot resist doing
• 〜ないこともない — it is not that one does not (double negative = it is possible / one does sometimes)

「が欠かせない」means 'is indispensable / cannot be done without.' The sentence means: 'For cross-cultural exchange, an attitude of trying to understand the other party is indispensable.' The particle 「が」marks 姿勢 as the thing that is essential.

• 1「をものともしない」means 'to disregard / to not be daunted by,' typically describing someone overcoming obstacles. It does not fit the sentence's message that understanding is necessary.
• 2「のままだ」means 'as it is / leaving it as is,' which would imply the attitude simply remains unchanged—not the intended meaning.
• 3「に基づいている」means 'is based on.' While grammatically attachable, the sentence is stating that the attitude is essential, not that exchange is 'based on' the attitude. The meaning is unnatural in this context.

• 欠かかせない — indispensable, essential, cannot do without
• 異文化間いぶんかかん — cross-cultural, between different cultures
• 姿勢しせい — attitude, posture (figurative)
• をものともしない — to not be daunted by; to disregard

「ことはない」means 'there is no need to ~.' The sentence means: 'That tool certainly looks convenient, but since you won't be troubled without it, there is no need to go out of your way to buy it.' The reasoning 「なくても困らないのだから」(since you won't be troubled without it) leads naturally to the conclusion that buying is unnecessary.

• 1「ところだ」means 'is about to / is in the state of ~,' which does not convey 'no need to buy.'
• 2「ことだ」means 'should ~' (giving advice). This would mean 'you should buy it,' which contradicts the context of 'you won't be troubled without it.'
• 3「どころではない」means 'far from ~ / it is not the time for ~.' While it expresses negation, it does not fit the structure 「買うどころではない」here—the sentence is about lack of necessity, not about being too busy or distracted to consider buying.

• ことはない — there is no need to ~; no reason to ~
• わざわざ — going out of one's way, specially
• どころではない — far from ~; not in a situation to ~

「と存じます」is the humble form of 「と思う」(I think/believe). The sentence is a polite letter-style expression: 'Sensei, I have not seen you much recently, but I believe you are spending your time in good health.' The pattern 「〜のことと存じます」('I believe that ~') is a standard epistolary formula.

• 1「としか存じません」means 'I can only think that ~,' which sounds overly restrictive and unnatural in a polite greeting. It implies you have no other thought, which is not the intended tone.
• 2「を存じます」uses the wrong particle. When 「存じる」means 'to think' (humble of 思う), it takes 「と」, not 「を」. 「を存じます」would mean 'I know (a fact),' which does not fit this sentence.
• 4「しか存じません」means 'I can only think ~' but is missing the quotative particle 「と」before しか, making it grammatically incomplete.

• 存ぞんじる — to think (humble of 思う); to know (humble of 知る)
• お過ごし（おすごし） — spending (time), living (honorific)

The sentence means: 'My shop isn't famous yet, but someday I will make everyone say, "This shop's food is the best."' 言わせてみせる is the causative form of 言う (言わせる, 'to make someone say') plus みせる ('to show/prove that one will do something'). Together it expresses the speaker's strong determination: 'I will make them say it.' This fits perfectly with いずれは ('eventually/someday').

• 1言ったとおりだ means 'just as (someone) said,' referring to something already said in the past. The sentence is about the speaker's future determination, not a past statement.
• 2言うはずもない means 'there is no way they would say (it).' This is the opposite of what the speaker wants — the speaker wants people to praise the shop, not deny they would.
• 4言いようもない means 'there is no way to express/say (it),' used when words fail to describe something. It doesn't fit the structure 「…」と言いようもない here.

• いずれ — eventually, someday
• 言いわせてみせる — to make (someone) say (it) and prove it — causative of 言う + みせる
• みせる — to show that one will definitely do something (expresses determination)

The sentence is an exclamation: 'Oh, what a beautiful sunset!' こと is used as a sentence-ending particle in exclamatory expressions, typically following なんて〜だ or 〜な to express deep emotion or admiration: なんてきれいな夕焼けだこと = 'What a beautiful sunset!' This is a classic exclamatory pattern.

• 2かしら is a sentence-ending particle meaning 'I wonder,' typically used by women to express uncertainty or curiosity. It does not convey exclamation.
• 3もの as a sentence-ending particle expresses a reason or emotional justification ('because...'), not exclamation. It would not follow だ in this exclamatory context.
• 4かな means 'I wonder' and expresses uncertainty or self-questioning. It does not convey the exclamatory admiration the sentence expresses.

• こと — (sentence-ending particle) used for exclamation — 'how...!' 'what a...!'
• 夕焼ゆうやけ — sunset, evening glow
• なんて — how...! (exclamatory, used before adjectives)