N2 Grammar · Test 27

「〜といえば」means 'speaking of ~ / when it comes to ~', linking a topic to what it brings to mind. The sentence means 'Speaking of Japan, I associate it with cherry blossoms.' This fits perfectly: Japan is the topic, and cherry blossoms are the association.

• 1「〜にとって」means 'for (someone's perspective)' (e.g., 私にとって 'for me'). It attaches to a person, not a country, and expresses viewpoint, not association.
• 2「〜にしては」means 'for a ~, (unexpectedly)...', used when reality contradicts expectations based on a standard (e.g., 初心者にしては上手だ 'good for a beginner'). It does not express association.
• 4「〜とみえて」means 'it seems that ~ (based on evidence)', expressing an inference (e.g., 寒いとみえてコートを着ている 'seems cold, wearing a coat'). It does not link a topic to an association.

• 〜といえば — speaking of ~; when it comes to ~ (links a topic to what it calls to mind)
• 連想れんそうする — to associate; to think of (something in connection with something else)
• 〜にとって — for (someone); from the perspective of
• 〜にしては — for a ~ (expressing that something is unexpected given a standard)
• 〜とみえて — it seems that ~ (inference based on observed evidence)

「言うとおりに」means 'exactly as (I) say / according to what (I) say'. The sentence means 'Please operate the computer exactly as I say from now on.' This is a natural instruction: follow my verbal directions step by step.

• 2「言いつつも」means 'while saying ~, (but)...', expressing a contradiction. It implies the speaker says something but does/feels otherwise, which does not fit an instruction context.
• 3「言って以来」means 'ever since (I) said ~', a temporal expression marking a point after which something continues. It does not mean 'as I say'.
• 4「言うなら」means 'if (you) say ~', a conditional. It sets up a condition, not an instruction to follow directions.

• 〜とおりに — exactly as ~; according to ~ (following a method/instruction)
• 操作そうさする — to operate; to manipulate (a machine/device)
• 〜つつも — while doing ~, (but)... (expressing contradiction)
• 〜以来（〜いらい） — ever since ~ (temporal, marking a continuing state)
• 〜なら — if ~ (conditional)

「〜としたら」means 'if we assume/suppose that ~', introducing a hypothetical condition. The sentence means 'If you could take a one-year vacation, what would you like to do?' The question 「どんなことがしたいですか」asks about a hypothetical desire, so としたら fits perfectly.

• 1「〜とともに」means 'along with ~ / as ~ happens, ... also happens', expressing simultaneous change or accompaniment. It does not set up a hypothetical.
• 2「〜としても」means 'even if ~', expressing a concession. It implies the condition may not be realized but considers it anyway — the nuance is 'even supposing', which is heavier than the simple hypothetical asked here.
• 4「〜というより」means 'rather than ~, (it's more like)...', used to correct or reframe a description. It does not introduce a hypothetical condition.

• 〜としたら — if we assume/suppose that ~ (hypothetical condition)
• 休暇きゅうかがとれる — to be able to take a vacation/holiday
• 〜とともに — along with ~; as ~ (simultaneous change)
• 〜としても — even if ~ (concessive hypothetical)
• 〜というより — rather than ~, (more accurately)...

「〜に際して」means 'on the occasion of ~ / when doing ~', a formal expression used before instructions or precautions. The sentence means 'When using the library, please note the following points.' This is a standard formal notice pattern: ご利用に際して 'upon using (the library)'.

• 1「〜にそって」(〜に沿って) means 'along ~ / in accordance with ~', used for following a line, route, or guideline (e.g., 川に沿って 'along the river'). It does not mean 'on the occasion of'.
• 3「〜に基づいて」means 'based on ~ / according to ~', used when something is done according to rules, data, or a plan. It does not fit 'when using the library'.
• 4「〜にしたがって」means 'as ~ (proceeds), ... changes accordingly', expressing gradual/parallel change (e.g., 年をとるにしたがって 'as one gets older'). It does not mean 'on the occasion of'.

• 〜に際して（〜にさいして） — on the occasion of ~; when doing ~ (formal, used before instructions/precautions)
• ご利用（ごりよう） — (honorific) use; utilization
• ご注意ください（ごちゅういください） — please be careful; please note (honorific)
• 〜に沿って（〜にそって） — along ~; in accordance with ~
• 〜に基づいて（〜にもとづいて） — based on ~; according to ~
• 〜にしたがって — as ~ (proceeds); in proportion to ~ (gradual change)

「〜にしろ〜にしろ」means 'whether ~ or ~', listing two alternatives and stating that the conclusion applies to both. The sentence means 'Whether you attend or not, you should send your reply to the invitation early.' Both 出席する and 欠席する take にしろ, showing the advice applies regardless of which case it is.

• 1「〜しては〜しては」is not a grammatical pattern for 'whether ~ or ~'. しては means 'if one does ~ (then...)', and repeating it does not produce the 'whether A or B' meaning.
• 2「〜したり〜したり」means 'doing A, doing B (among other things)', listing example actions. It does not express 'whether A or B'.
• 3「〜するやら〜するやら」is not a standard pattern. やら expresses uncertainty/wonder (e.g., どうするやら 'I wonder what they'll do') and cannot be used to mean 'whether ~ or ~'.

• 〜にしろ〜にしろ — whether ~ or ~ (both alternatives; conclusion applies to either case)
• 出席しゅっせき — attendance; being present
• 欠席けっせき — absence; being absent
• 招待状しょうたいじょう — invitation (letter/card)
• 返事へんじ — reply; response

「からには」means 'now that / since (one has committed to something), naturally one should...' It expresses that once a decision or action is taken, a corresponding obligation or natural consequence follows. The sentence means: 'Now that I've taken on the job, I want to do work I can be satisfied with.' This fits perfectly because the speaker has already accepted the task and feels a natural responsibility to do it well.

• 1「からといって」means 'just because X, doesn't mean Y' and is used to deny a conclusion (e.g., 引き受けたからといって、必ずしも納得できる仕事ができるとは限らない). It introduces a caveat, not a resolution, so it doesn't fit the affirmative 'I want to do good work' clause.
• 3「かと思うと」means 'just when I thought X, Y happened' and describes two consecutive/contrasting events. It doesn't connect 'having accepted' with 'wanting to do good work.'
• 4「かといって」means 'having said that / be that as it may' and is used to add a contrasting follow-up (e.g., 引き受けた。かといって、無理はしたくない). It doesn't fit the single-sentence structure here.

• からには — now that; since (one has done X, one should do Y) — expresses obligation/natural consequence
• いったん — once; having done something (implies a point of no return or commitment)
• 引き受ける（ひきうける） — to take on; to accept (a task, responsibility)
• 納得なっとくできる — satisfactory; convincing; acceptable

「はもちろん」means 'not only X but also Y' / 'X goes without saying, and also Y.' The sentence means: 'In an interview, you need to pay attention not only to how you speak, but also to things like clothing.' Since 話し方 (way of speaking) is the obvious/primary thing and 服装 (clothing) is an additional concern, this is the perfect fit.

• 1「の反面」means 'on the other hand' and contrasts two sides of the same subject (e.g., 彼は厳しい反面、優しい). Here 話し方 and 服装 are not opposing qualities of one thing; they are both things to be careful about, so this doesn't fit.
• 2「としては」means 'as (a role/position)' (e.g., 学生としては). It cannot connect 話し方 with 服装 in an additive way.
• 3「に過ぎず」means 'merely / nothing more than' and belittles the preceding item (e.g., 話し方に過ぎず). This would mean 'it's nothing more than way of speaking,' which contradicts the sentence's intent that both speaking and clothing matter.

• はもちろん — not only X (but also Y); X goes without saying
• 面接試験めんせつしけん — interview examination / interview test
• 服装ふくそう — clothing; attire; dress

「のもとに」(の下に) means 'under / at / around (someone)' and indicates gathering around or acting under someone's direction. The sentence means: 'The players gathered around the coach to have a pre-game strategy meeting.' 「コーチのもとに集まった」= 'gathered around/at the coach' is a natural and correct expression.

• 1「末に」means 'after doing X (finally) Y' and describes a process leading to a result (e.g., 悩んだ末に決めた). It cannot follow コーチの to mean 'gathered around the coach.'
• 2「ものに」is not a valid grammatical expression in this context. It may be a distractor resembling もとに but is incorrect.
• 4「際に」means 'on the occasion of / when' (e.g., 試合の際に). While it could loosely relate to a time, 「コーチの際に集まった」is unnatural — you gather 'around' the coach, not 'on the occasion of' the coach.

• のもとに — under; at; around (someone's direction/presence) — used for gathering under someone
• 打ち合わせ（うちあわせ） — strategy meeting; briefing; consultation
• 直前ちょくぜん — just before; immediately before

「に基づいて」(にもとづいて) means 'based on / according to' and indicates the foundation or source for an action. The sentence means: 'I will write a paper based on the survey results.' 「調査結果に基づいて論文を書く」is a natural and correct collocation.

• 1「にとって」means 'for (someone's perspective)' (e.g., 私にとって). You cannot say 調査結果にとって論文を書く — survey results don't have a perspective.
• 2「に比べて」means 'compared to.' While you could compare survey results to something, the sentence says you write a paper 'based on' results, not 'compared to' them.
• 4「に伴って」means 'along with / as X changes, Y also changes.' Survey results are not a changing process that accompanies writing a paper.

• 基もとづく — to be based on; to be founded on — conjugated as 基づいて (もとづいて)
• 調査結果ちょうさけっか — survey results; research findings
• 論文ろんぶん — thesis; paper; academic paper

「せいか」means 'perhaps because / maybe due to' and expresses the speaker's conjecture about a cause. The sentence means: 'Perhaps because the temperature is high this year, snow doesn't fall easily even in winter.' The speaker is guessing that the high temperature is the reason for the lack of snow, so せいか is the perfect fit.

• 2「わりに」means 'for / considering (expectation vs. reality)' and expresses that something is disproportionate (e.g., 値段のわりにいい). Here the high temperature and lack of snow are cause and effect, not a mismatch of expectations.
• 3「くせに」means 'even though' with a tone of complaint/blame about someone's behavior (e.g., 知っているくせに言わない). 気温が高い is not a person's behavior to complain about, so this is inappropriate.
• 4「ことか」is used in rhetorical exclamations like どれほど大変なことか ('how difficult it must be!'). It cannot connect two clauses describing cause and effect.

• せいか — perhaps because of; maybe due to (expresses conjecture about a cause)
• 気温きおん — temperature (of air)
• 直前ちょくぜん — just before