N2 Grammar · Test 28

「〜に向かって」means 'toward〜' and fits perfectly: 'When you are heading straight toward your goal, that is when you are happy.' 目的に向かってまっすぐに進む = 'advance straight toward the goal.'

• 1「〜にあたって」means 'on the occasion of〜, when facing an important event' (e.g., 出発にあたって). It does not mean 'toward' and doesn't combine with まっすぐに進む.
• 2「〜にのって」is not a valid expression. The verb 乗る (のる) means 'to ride/get on' and does not collocate with 目的 in this way.
• 4「〜にあって」means 'in the situation of〜, under〜' (e.g., 緊急事態にあって). It describes being in a circumstance, not moving toward something, so it doesn't pair with まっすぐに進んでいる.

• 目的もくてき — goal, purpose
• 〜に向かって（〜にむかって） — toward〜, facing〜
• まっすぐに — straight, directly
• 進すすむ — to advance, to proceed

「〜ぬきで」means 'without〜, leaving out〜': 'Without joking, please think seriously.' 冗談ぬきで = 'setting jokes aside / without joking.' This is a common N2 pattern attaching directly to a noun.

• 1「ぬいて」is the て-form of the verb 抜く (ぬく), meaning 'to pull out/remove.' It cannot attach directly to the noun 冗談 in this way; the correct noun-attached form is ぬき.
• 2「しないで」would require the particle を (冗談をしないで) and is grammatically incomplete without it. Even with を, it is less idiomatic than ぬきで for this meaning.
• 3「しても」means 'even if (I/you) joke' (冗談しても), which gives the opposite nuance — it implies joking is acceptable, not that it should be excluded.

• 冗談じょうだん — joke, joking
• 〜ぬきで — without〜, excluding〜, leaving out〜
• まじめ — serious, earnest

「〜(よ)うじゃないか」is a pattern meaning 'why don't we〜 / let's〜,' used to make a suggestion or invitation: 'Instead of staying home all the time, why don't we go see a movie or something?' It attaches to the volitional form (行こう).

• 1「〜まいか」is the negative volitional, used in patterns like 〜うか〜まいか (whether to or not) or to express strong negative intention. It does not function as a suggestion here.
• 2「〜ともしない」is not a valid grammar pattern in this context. The form ともしない does not attach to a volitional form to make a suggestion.
• 4「〜ともする」can appear in patterns like 〜うともする (trying to〜) but does not fit the suggestion nuance of this sentence, and 行こうともする is not idiomatic for 'let's go.'

• 〜(よ)うじゃないか — why don't we〜, let's〜 (suggestion)
• 映画えいが — movie, film

「〜てくれる」indicates someone does something for the speaker (giving direction toward the speaker). Here, 妹が私に買ってくれた = 'my younger sister bought (it) for me.' The relative clause modifies スカーフ: 'the scarf my sister bought for me.' Since 妹 is a family member younger than the speaker, the plain form くれる (not the honorific くださる) is appropriate.

• 1「いただいた」is the humble form of もらう. It would require the speaker as the subject: 私が妹に買っていただいた. But here 妹が is the subject, so this is grammatically wrong.
• 2「くださった」is the honorific form of くれる. While grammatically possible, くださる is used for someone of higher status/respect. 妹 (younger sister) is lower in status than the speaker, so the plain くれる is correct, not the honorific くださる.
• 3「もらった」would require 私が as the subject (私が妹に買ってもらった). Since the sentence has 妹が as the subject, もらった is grammatically incorrect here. With 妹が私に買ってもらった, it would mean 'my sister had me buy (something) for her' — the opposite of the intended meaning.

• 〜てくれる — someone does something for me (giving toward the speaker)
• 〜てもらう — I receive the favor of someone doing something (speaker is subject)
• 〜てくださる — honorific of 〜てくれる (for respected person)
• 卒業式そつぎょうしき — graduation ceremony
• スカーフ — scarf

The correct answer is 1 (になって). The pattern お＋ (verb stem)＋になる is a standard honorific (尊敬, そんけい) construction. お待ちになる is the respectful form of 待つ (まつ, 'to wait'). Adding ください makes it a polite request: お待ちになってください = 'Please wait' (said respectfully to the listener).

• 2して — お待ちして is the humble (謙譲, けんじょう) form お＋ (verb stem)＋する. Humble forms describe the speaker's own actions, not the listener's, so it cannot be used to ask the listener to wait.
• 3になさって — なさる is an honorific verb, but the correct request form is なさってください, not combined with お待ち. お待ちになさって is an ungrammatical double-honorific blend; the proper form is simply お待ちになって.
• 4させて — お待ちさせてください would be the causative form 'please let me wait,' which changes the subject to the speaker and does not fit the context of asking the listener to wait.

• 待まつ — to wait
• お～になる — honorific pattern for another person's action

「〜かねない」attaches to the V-ます stem and means 'might do ~ (something undesirable).' やりかねない = 'might do (something terrible).' The stem of やる is やり, so やりかねない is correct.

• 1「やる」is the dictionary form. 〜かねない requires the V-ます stem (やり), not the plain form.
• 2「やら」is the volitional form. It cannot precede かねない.
• 3「やれ」is the imperative form. It cannot precede かねない.

• 〜かねない — might do ~ (attaches to V-ます stem; expresses possibility of an undesirable outcome)
• やり- — V-ます stem of やる (to do)

「〜に限らず」means 'not limited to ~ / not only ~.' サッカーに限らず、スポーツならなんでも得意だった = 'Not just soccer, he was good at any sport.' This fits perfectly: the athlete was skilled not only in soccer but in all sports.

• 1「〜に基づき」means 'based on ~.' It does not fit the context of expanding beyond one sport.
• 3「〜にわたって」means 'spanning / over.' It does not express 'not limited to.'
• 4「〜にすぎず」means 'merely / nothing more than.' It would mean soccer is merely something, which does not fit.

• 〜に限らず（〜にかぎらず） — not limited to ~; not only ~
• 〜に基づき（〜にもとづき） — based on ~
• 〜にわたって — spanning; over (a wide range/long period)
• 〜にすぎず — merely; nothing more than

「〜つつも」attaches to the V-ます stem and means 'while doing ~ (yet ~)' expressing a contradiction. 知りつつも = 'while knowing (that it's bad), yet ~.' The V-ます stem of 知る is 知り, so 知りつつも is correct.

• 2「知る」is the dictionary form. 〜つつも requires the V-ます stem (知り).
• 3「知って」is the て-form. 〜つつも does not attach to the て-form.
• 4「知れ」is the potential/imperative form. It cannot precede つつも.

• 〜つつも — while doing ~ (yet ~); even while ~ (attaches to V-ます stem, expresses contradiction)
• 知り-（しり-） — V-ます stem of 知る (to know)

「〜ついでに」means 'taking the opportunity to ~ / on the way.' 仕事で京都に行ったついでに = 'while going to Kyoto for work, I took the opportunity to ~.' This expresses doing something additional while already doing the main activity.

• 1「〜たばかり」means 'just did ~ (recently).' It would mean 'I just went to Kyoto for work,' which doesn't connect to meeting a friend as a secondary action.
• 2「〜とおりに」means 'as ~ / according to.' It would mean 'as I went to Kyoto for work,' which is unnatural here.
• 4「〜うちに」means 'while ~ / during ~.' While it can express doing something during a period, it doesn't convey the nuance of 'taking the opportunity' that ついでに provides.

• 〜ついでに — taking the opportunity to; on the way (doing something extra while already doing the main action)
• 〜たばかり — just did ~ (recently completed action)
• 〜とおりに — as ~; according to ~
• 〜うちに — while ~; during ~

「うえに」means 'in addition to / on top of (something)'. It connects two items that are in the same evaluative direction (both negative here): 'This procedure is troublesome, and on top of that it also takes time, so everyone dislikes it.' The pattern「AなうえにBも…」(A is true, and B is also true) fits perfectly.

• 1「ものの」means 'although / even though' (concessive). It would imply 'although it is troublesome, it takes time,' which does not make logical sense as a contrast and does not connect with「時間もかかる」properly.
• 3「うちに」means 'while / during the time that' or 'before a state changes.' It does not connect two descriptive facts about the procedure.
• 4「ほどの」is not a grammatical connective meaning 'in addition.' ほど is used for degree/comparison, not for adding information.

• 面倒（めんどう） — troublesome, bothersome
• 手続き（てつづき）（てつづき） — procedure, formalities
• 嫌がる（いやがる）（いやがる） — to dislike, to be reluctant (about something)
• 〜上に（〜うえに）（〜うえに） — in addition to ~; on top of ~