N4 Grammar · Test 11

で marks the cause/reason of an event or outcome. じしんでビルがたおれました means 'The building collapsed due to the earthquake.' Here で = 'because of / due to (a natural cause).'

• 1を marks the direct object of a transitive verb, but たおれる (倒れる) is intransitive — the building collapses on its own, it is not 'collapsed' by someone.
• 2と means 'with/and' and does not express cause.
• 3に marks a destination, target, or time, none of which fit here. It cannot express 'due to.'

• じしん — earthquake
• たおれる（倒れる） — to collapse (intransitive)
• で — by means of / due to (marks cause or means)

でも here softens a suggestion, meaning 'or something / how about ~.' コーヒーでもいかがですか = 'How about some coffee (or something)?' It is a polite, non-pushy invitation. This is a very common N4-level pattern with いかがですか.

• 1で would mean 'by means of coffee' or 'at/in coffee,' which does not make sense with いかがですか in this context.
• 2が would mark coffee as the subject, but the sentence is an invitation, not a statement about coffee being good/bad.
• 3にも means 'also to ~' and does not fit grammatically or semantically before いかがですか.

• でも — or something (softens a suggestion: N + でも + いかがですか)
• いかがですか — how about ~? / how is it? (polite invitation)

が marks the subject of the intransitive/passive verb 行われます (will be held). 試合が行われます = 'A match is/will be held.' The thing that is held (試合) is the grammatical subject, so が is correct.

• 1を marks a direct object of a transitive verb, but 行われる is intransitive/passive — the match 'is held,' it is not something you 'do' to it with を.
• 3に marks a destination or target, not the subject of 行われる.
• 4で marks the location of an action, but ここで already fills that role (the place where the match is held). You cannot use で twice for two different functions in this slot.

• 試合しあい — match / game / competition
• 行おこなわれる — to be held / to be carried out (intransitive/passive of 行う)

に marks the person from whom you receive a favor with もらう/てもらう. 友だちに貸してもらった = 'I had my friend lend (it to) me.' The structure is (person)に + (te-verb) + もらう, where に marks the giver/source of the favor.

• 1へ marks direction/destination, not the source of a received favor.
• 3を marks a direct object, but with てもらう the person is marked by に, not を.
• 4か is not a valid particle here; it is a question particle or part of ～か～か (or), neither of which applies.

• 貸かしててもらう — to have someone lend (something to you)
• もらう — to receive (a favor); [person]に～てもらう = have [person] do ~ for me

と quotes the content of 申します (humble form of 言う). 中川と申します = 'I am called Nakagawa' / 'My name is Nakagawa.' The pattern (name)と申します is the standard humble self-introduction.

• 1の would make 'Nakagawa's (something),' which is grammatically incomplete and meaningless here.
• 2を would mark 中川 as a direct object, but 申す takes と (quoting what you say), not を.
• 4は would mark Nakagawa as the topic, but the sentence needs a quoting particle to connect the name to 申します.

• 申もうします — to be called / to say (humble form of 言う); [name]と申します = I am called [name]

The correct answer is 1 (ならべて). The pattern V-ておく means 'to do something in advance (as preparation).' Since おさらを is marked with を (direct object), the verb must be transitive: 並べる ('to line up/arrange'). The te-form ならべて connects to おきます, giving ならべておきます = 'I'll arrange (the plates) in advance.'

• 2ならんで is the te-form of 並ぶ, the intransitive verb ('to be lined up'). Since おさらを marks a direct object, an intransitive verb is ungrammatical here.
• 3ならべる is the dictionary form. It cannot directly connect to おきます; the te-form (ならべて) is required for V-ておく.
• 4ならぶ is the dictionary form of the intransitive verb. It is doubly wrong: wrong form (needs te-form) and wrong transitivity (needs transitive with を).

• おきゃくさん — guest(s) (polite)
• おさら — plates (polite)
• ならべて — line up, arrange (te-form of 並べる, transitive)
• ならんで — be lined up (te-form of 並ぶ, intransitive)
• 〜ておく — do something in advance as preparation

The correct answer is 3 (見ずに). The pattern V-ずに means 'without doing ~' and is used to express doing an action without doing another. 見る → 見ずに ('without looking'). テキストを見ずに答えてください means 'Please answer without looking at the textbook.'

• 1見なく is incomplete. The negative form 見なく requires a continuation such as て (見なくて) or とも (見なくとも). 見なく alone cannot connect to 答えて.
• 2見なくて is the te-form of the negative and typically expresses a reason or sequential action ('didn't look, and...'), not 'without looking.' It does not convey the meaning 'without doing ~.'
• 4見ずで is not a grammatical form. The correct negative pattern is ずに (not ずで).

• テキスト — textbook
• 答こたえて — answer (te-form of 答える)
• 見みずに — without looking (V-ずに pattern: 見る → 見ずに)
• 見みなくて — not look, and... (te-form of negative 見ない); expresses reason/sequence, not 'without'

The correct answer is 4 (はける). The pattern (V-辞書形)ようになる means 'to become able to do ~.' To express 'became able to put on shoes,' the potential form of はく ('to put on (shoes)') is needed: はける ('can put on'). くつがはけるようになりました = 'My son became able to put on shoes by himself.' Note: with potential verbs, the object is often marked with が instead of を.

• 1はけた is the potential past form ('was able to put on'). Before ようになる, the dictionary form (はける) is required, not the past tense.
• 2はいた is the plain past of はく ('put on'). はいたようになる would mean 'became like he put on (shoes),' which doesn't make sense. The potential form is needed to express 'became able to.'
• 3はかない is the negative form ('does not put on'). はかないようになる would mean 'became a person who doesn't put on shoes,' the opposite of the intended meaning.

• むすこ — son
• ひとりで — by oneself, alone
• くつ — shoes
• はく — to put on (shoes, pants, etc.)
• はける — can put on (potential form of はく)
• 〜ようになる — to become able to ~; to reach the state of ~

The pattern 〜つもりです (intend to ~) attaches to the plain form of a verb (V-る or V-ない). やめない is the plain negative form of やめる (to quit), so やめないつもりです means 'I intend not to quit my job.' This is grammatically correct.

• 2やめたい is the たい-form (want to quit). たい does not combine with つもりです — you would simply say やめたいです without つもり.
• 3やめよう is the volitional form (let's quit / I will quit). The volitional form does not attach to つもりです.
• 4やめたくない is the negative of たい. Like option 2, たい-forms do not pair with つもりです.

• つもりです — intend to ~ (attaches to plain form of verb)
• やめる — to quit, to resign

The correct answer is 3 (おっしゃい). The pattern here is V-ますstem + ください, forming a respectful request. おっしゃる is the respectful (尊敬) form of 言う (to say). It belongs to a special group of godan verbs (along with なさる, いらっしゃる, くださる, ござる) whose ます-form is irregular: おっしゃいます (not おっしゃります). The stem before ます is therefore おっしゃい, and attaching ください gives おっしゃいください ('please say/state').

• 1おっしゃりて is not a valid conjugation form. It incorrectly mixes the renyoukei ending り with the て-form.
• 2おっしゃって is the correct て-form of おっしゃる, but the pattern requires the ます-stem + ください, not the て-form + ください.
• 4おっしゃり would be the renyoukei of a regular る-verb, but おっしゃる is irregular: its ます-form is おっしゃいます, not おっしゃります, so the stem is おっしゃい, not おっしゃり.

• おっしゃる — to say (respectful/honorific form of 言う)
• 意見いけん — opinion