N5 Grammar · Test 35

The pattern V-る + 前に（まえに）means 'before doing X.' Here, 'before borrowing the book, please write your name on this paper.' Since the borrowing has not yet happened, the dictionary form かりる is correct: 本をかりる前に 'before borrowing the book.'

• 1かりて is the て-form (te-form) of かる/かりる. The て-form is used for sequential actions (V-てから) or requests, not before 前に.
• 3かりた is the past form (V-た). While V-た + 前に is grammatically possible in certain contexts, it implies the action already occurred, which does not fit this instruction about a future action.
• 4かりない is the negative form. 'Before NOT borrowing the book' makes no sense in this context.

• 借かりる — to borrow
• 前まえに — before (doing something)

The pattern V-た + あとで means 'after doing X.' Here, 'after washing my face, I brush my teeth.' The past form あらった is required: かおをあらったあとで 'after washing my face.'

• 1あらう is the dictionary form. Before あとで you must use the V-た (past) form, not the dictionary form.
• 2あらうの is the dictionary form + の. This is ungrammatical before あとで. The の nominalizer is not used in this pattern.
• 4あらわない is the negative form. 'After NOT washing my face' does not fit the natural sequence of washing face then brushing teeth.

• 洗あらう — to wash
• 顔かお — face
• 歯は — teeth
• 磨みがく — to brush (teeth)
• 後あとで — after (doing something)

The pattern V-て + から means 'after doing X, then...' Here, 'after looking at the dictionary, I write the kanji.' The て-form 見て is correct: じしょを見てから 'after looking at the dictionary.'

• 1見る is the dictionary form. Before から in this pattern you need the て-form, not the dictionary form.
• 3見に is the 連用形 + に, used for purpose (e.g., 見に行く 'go to see'). It is not used before から in this sequential pattern.
• 4見ない is the negative form. 'After NOT looking at the dictionary' does not fit the context of checking a dictionary before writing kanji.

• 辞書じしょ — dictionary
• 見みる — to look, to see
• 漢字かんじ — kanji, Chinese characters
• 〜てから — after doing ~, then...

The pattern V-ます stem + ながら means 'while doing X.' The stem of 食べる is 食べ, so 食べながら means 'while eating.' The sentence says 'Please don't talk while eating.'

• 2食べる is the dictionary form. ながら attaches to the V-ます stem (ren'yōkei), not the dictionary form.
• 3食べた is the past form. ながら does not attach to the past form.
• 4食べて is the て-form. ながら does not attach to the て-form; it requires the V-ます stem.

• 食たべる — to eat
• 話はなす — to speak, to talk
• 〜ながら — while doing ~

The pattern V-たり、V-たりする lists representative actions ('doing things like A and B'). It is formed with V-た + り. 雨が降る → 降った → 降ったり; 風が吹く → 吹いた → 吹いたり. So option 4 'ふったり ふいたり' is correct: 'It rained and blew wind (among other things) yesterday.'

• 1ふって and ふいて are て-forms. The て-form is not used in the たり listing pattern; you need V-た + り.
• 2ふりて and ふきて are not valid conjugations of 降る and 吹く respectively. These are simply incorrect forms.
• 3ふりたり and ふきたり are incorrect. The たり pattern requires the past form (V-た) + り, not the stem + り. 降る → 降った → 降ったり, not ふりたり.

• 降ふる — to fall (rain)
• 吹ふく — to blow (wind)
• 〜たり〜たり — doing things such as ~ and ~

The pattern V-た + あとで means 'after doing X.' Here, 'after washing my face, I brush my teeth.' The past form あらった is required: かおをあらったあとで 'after washing my face.'

• 1あらう is the dictionary form. Before あとで you must use the V-た (past) form, not the dictionary form.
• 2あらうの is the dictionary form + の. This is ungrammatical before あとで. The の nominalizer is not used in this pattern.
• 4あらわない is the negative form. 'After NOT washing my face' does not fit the natural sequence of washing face then brushing teeth.

• 洗あらう — to wash
• 顔かお — face
• 歯は — teeth
• 磨みがく — to brush (teeth)
• 後あとで — after (doing something)

The pattern V-て + から means 'after doing X, then...' Here, 'after looking at the dictionary, I write the kanji.' The て-form 見て is correct: じしょを見てから 'after looking at the dictionary.'

• 1見る is the dictionary form. Before から in this pattern you need the て-form, not the dictionary form.
• 3見に is the 連用形 + に, used for purpose (e.g., 見に行く 'go to see'). It is not used before から in this sequential pattern.
• 4見ない is the negative form. 'After NOT looking at the dictionary' does not fit the context of checking a dictionary before writing kanji.

• 辞書じしょ — dictionary
• 見みる — to look, to see
• 漢字かんじ — kanji, Chinese characters
• 〜てから — after doing ~, then...

The pattern V-ます stem + ながら means 'while doing X.' The stem of 食べる is 食べ, so 食べながら means 'while eating.' The sentence says 'Please don't talk while eating.'

• 2食べる is the dictionary form. ながら attaches to the V-ます stem (ren'yōkei), not the dictionary form.
• 3食べた is the past form. ながら does not attach to the past form.
• 4食べて is the て-form. ながら does not attach to the て-form; it requires the V-ます stem.

• 食たべる — to eat
• 話はなす — to speak, to talk
• 〜ながら — while doing ~

The pattern V-たり、V-たりする lists representative actions ('doing things like A and B'). It is formed with V-た + り. 雨が降る → 降った → 降ったり; 風が吹く → 吹いた → 吹いたり. So option 4 'ふったり ふいたり' is correct: 'It rained and blew wind (among other things) yesterday.'

• 1ふって and ふいて are て-forms. The て-form is not used in the たり listing pattern; you need V-た + り.
• 2ふりて and ふきて are not valid conjugations of 降る and 吹く respectively. These are simply incorrect forms.
• 3ふりたり and ふきたり are incorrect. The たり pattern requires the past form (V-た) + り, not the stem + り. 降る → 降った → 降ったり, not ふりたり.

• 降ふる — to fall (rain)
• 吹ふく — to blow (wind)
• 〜たり〜たり — doing things such as ~ and ~

The pattern V-ます stem + たい means 'want to do X.' The stem (ren'yōkei) of およぐ is およぎ, so およぎたい means 'want to swim.' The sentence says 'I want to swim at the beach in summer.'

• 1およぐ is the dictionary form. たい attaches to the V-ます stem, not the dictionary form. You cannot say およぐたい.
• 2およい is not the correct stem of およぐ. The verb およぐ conjugates as およぎます, so the stem is およぎ, not およい.
• 3およが is the provisional/conditional stem (未然形), used with う/よう (およごう) or ない (およがない). It is not used with たい.

• 泳およぐ — to swim
• 夏なつ — summer
• 海うみ — sea, beach
• 〜たい — want to do ~