N5 Grammar · Test 56

は is used here as a contrastive particle. The sentence means 'I called my father. But I didn't call my friend.' 友だちにはしませんでした uses は to contrast 'friend' with 'father' — the でも ('but') signals this contrast. The に marks the recipient of the phone call, and は overlays it to say 'as for calling a friend, I didn't.'

• 2も means 'also/too'. 友だちにもしませんでした would mean 'I didn't call a friend either,' implying the speaker didn't call anyone. But でも ('but') sets up a contrast (called father vs. didn't call friend), not an addition.
• 3へ indicates direction. 友だちにへしませんでした is ungrammatical — you cannot stack に and へ like this, and へ doesn't fit the contrastive context.
• 4で indicates means/location. 友だちにでしませんでした is ungrammatical and meaningless here.

• 父ちち — (my) father
• 電話でんわをかける — to make a phone call (here 電話をしました)
• でも — but; however
• 友ともだち — friend
• は (contrastive) — topic/contrast marker; 'as for'

など means 'etc.' / 'things like.' The sentence means 'In the bag, there are things like a wallet, keys, and so on.' The や already gives a non-exhaustive list (wallet, keys, ...), and など at the end reinforces 'and so on / etc.': さいふやかぎなどがあります。

• 1や means 'and' (non-exhaustive). It is already used once (さいふやかぎ). Using や again after かぎ (さいふやかぎやがあります) is ungrammatical — や connects nouns, and you can't place it right before が.
• 2も means 'also/too'. さいふやかぎもがあります is ungrammatical — you cannot have both も and が marking the same noun phrase like this. も would replace が (かぎもあります), but that changes the meaning to 'there is also a key,' not 'things like wallet and keys.'
• 4から means 'from'. さいふやかぎからがあります is ungrammatical and nonsensical here — the items are not coming 'from' somewhere.

• かばん — bag
• 中なか — inside
• さいふ — wallet (財布)
• かぎ — key (鍵)
• や — and (non-exhaustive list)
• など — etc.; and so on

で here indicates a total/extent — 'all together / in total.' ぜんぶでいくらですか means 'How much is it for all of them?' The で after ぜんぶ (all) expresses the idea of 'as a whole / in total,' which is the standard pattern for asking the total price of a quantity.

• 1を marks the direct object of a transitive verb. There is no transitive verb here (いくらですか is a noun+copula question), so を is ungrammatical.
• 2の is the possessive/linking particle. ぜんぶのいくらですか is unnatural — it would suggest 'the total's how-much,' which doesn't make sense.
• 4に indicates destination/time/indirect object. ぜんぶにいくらですか is ungrammatical and meaningless in this context.

• みかん — mandarin orange (蜜柑)
• ぜんぶ — all; everything (全部)
• 〜で — indicating a total or extent: 'in total / altogether'
• いくら — how much (price)

に is the particle used with なる (to become). いしゃになりました means 'became a doctor.' The pattern (noun) + に + なる expresses a change of state or becoming something, so に is required.

• 1を marks the direct object of a transitive verb. なる is intransitive, so を is ungrammatical: you cannot say いしゃをなりました.
• 3で indicates means/cause/location. いしゃでなりました would suggest 'became a doctor by means of / at a doctor,' which is nonsensical here.
• 4の is the possessive/linking particle. いしゃのなりました is ungrammatical — の cannot connect a noun to the verb なる in this way.

• おとうと — younger brother (弟)
• いしゃ — doctor (医者)
• なる — to become
• 〜になる — to become [noun]; to turn into

に marks the location where an action takes place. へやに電気をけしてください means 'Please turn off the lights in the room.' The action of turning off the lights happens in the room, so に is correct.

• 2へ indicates direction/toward a destination (e.g., going to a room), not the location where an action is performed.
• 3と means 'with' or 'and' (connecting nouns), which does not fit here.
• 4の links nouns possessively (e.g., へやの電気 'the room's lights'), but the sentence structure calls for a location particle, not a genitive.

• へや — room
• 電気でんき — electricity; lights
• けす — to turn off (lights)

The pattern V-たり、V-たりする lists representative actions ('doing things like A and B'). It is formed with V-た + り. 雨が降る → 降った → 降ったり; 風が吹く → 吹いた → 吹いたり. So option 4 'ふったり ふいたり' is correct: 'It rained and blew wind (among other things) yesterday.'

• 1ふって and ふいて are て-forms. The て-form is not used in the たり listing pattern; you need V-た + り.
• 2ふりて and ふきて are not valid conjugations of 降る and 吹く respectively. These are simply incorrect forms.
• 3ふりたり and ふきたり are incorrect. The たり pattern requires the past form (V-た) + り, not the stem + り. 降る → 降った → 降ったり, not ふりたり.

• 降ふる — to fall (rain)
• 吹ふく — to blow (wind)
• 〜たり〜たり — doing things such as ~ and ~

The pattern V-ます stem + たい means 'want to do X.' The stem (ren'yōkei) of およぐ is およぎ, so およぎたい means 'want to swim.' The sentence says 'I want to swim at the beach in summer.'

• 1およぐ is the dictionary form. たい attaches to the V-ます stem, not the dictionary form. You cannot say およぐたい.
• 2およい is not the correct stem of およぐ. The verb およぐ conjugates as およぎます, so the stem is およぎ, not およい.
• 3およが is the provisional/conditional stem (未然形), used with う/よう (およごう) or ない (およがない). It is not used with たい.

• 泳およぐ — to swim
• 夏なつ — summer
• 海うみ — sea, beach
• 〜たい — want to do ~

The pattern being tested is the な-adjective + なる (to become). For な-adjectives like じょうぶ, you drop な and add く to form the adverbial, then attach なる: じょうぶ＋く＋なります = 'became healthy/strong.' The sentence means 'My body became strong/healthy.'

• 1じょうぶな is the pre-noun form (連体形) of the な-adjective, used before a noun (e.g., じょうぶなからだ). It cannot connect to なりました.
• 2じょうびに is a deliberate lookalike distractor. じょうび (誕生日・生日) means 'birthday' and is an entirely different word. It does not fit grammatically or semantically.
• 4じょうぶで is the て-form of the な-adjective, used to link clauses or for reasons (e.g., じょうぶで元気です). It cannot precede なりました in this pattern.

• じょうぶ — healthy, strong, sturdy
• なる — to become

The sentence uses a parallel/contrast structure: これは日本語のじしょで、あれは英語のじしょです ('This is a Japanese dictionary, and that is an English dictionary'). The て-form of です (で) links the two clauses, expressing a simple connection/contrast. This is the 〜で、〜 pattern for connecting two noun-predicate sentences.

• 1じしょや uses や, which means 'and' for an incomplete list of nouns (AやB). It would require another noun after it and does not connect two full clauses.
• 2じしょと uses と, which means 'and' for a complete list of nouns. Like や, it connects nouns, not clauses, so it cannot link これは日本語のじしょ to the second clause.
• 4じしょが uses が, the subject marker. これは日本語のじしょが would be ungrammatical here because は already marks これ as the topic.

• じしょ — dictionary
• で — te-form of です, linking two clauses

Here から means 'from' (temporal origin) and も means 'also/even.' The sentence is: このしんぶんはおとといの(しんぶん)からもいりません = 'I don't need this newspaper, nor do I need the one from the day before yesterday.' おとといの modifies an implied しんぶん, and から indicates 'from (that day).' The structure is Noun+の+から+も+いりません.

• 2おとといのだ would make から a conjunction meaning 'because': おとといのだからもいりません = 'Since it's from the day before yesterday, I don't need it.' While grammatically possible, the も ('also/even') is unnatural in this reading, and the intended pattern uses から as 'from' with も.
• 3おとといので would create ので (because/since), a conjunction. おとといなので + もいりません is awkward because ので already provides the reason and も doesn't fit naturally. Also, ので is a single conjunction and splitting it this way is not standard.
• 4おとといだった would make から a conjunction: おとといだったからもいりません = 'Since it was the day before yesterday, I don't need it.' Again, the も is unnatural here, and the intended reading uses から as 'from.'

• おととい — the day before yesterday
• しんぶん — newspaper
• いる（要る） — to need