Practice JLPTHow to tell them apart
及び and 並びに both connect nouns in formal writing, but 並びに is heavier and more official, often pairing large or parallel items like 法律の制定並びに施行, while 及び is a lighter all-purpose formal and. かつ is different: it links predicates or whole clauses and stresses that two conditions hold at once, as in 速く且つ正確に, so using 及び there would be unnatural.
- 及び Use 及び to connect two nouns in formal written Japanese without special emphasis.
- 並びに Use 並びに for legal or official texts joining major parallel items.
- 且つ・かつ Use かつ to link predicates or clauses where both conditions apply simultaneously.
| Grammar point | Meaning | JLPT level |
|---|---|---|
| 及び bi | And; as well as (formal/written) | N1 |
| 並びに bini | And; both ~ and ~; as well as (formal/legal) | N1 |
| 且つ・かつ tsu katsu | And; moreover; at the same time (formal) | N1 |
及び bi
And; as well as (formal/written)
And | A particle that connects two nouns or noun phrases.
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A社は２００２年及びそれ以前の製品のサポートの打ち切りを発表した。
Company A announced that it would no longer offer technical support for products made before 2003 (literally: in and before 2002).
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これは昨年度における全国の一般廃棄物の排出及び処理状況に関する報告である。
This is a report on the status of the discharge and treatment of general waste nationwide last year.
並びに bini
And; both ~ and ~; as well as (formal/legal)
And; both ~ and ~; as well as | A conjunction used to combine two nouns or noun phrases.
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このホームページ並びにメールマガジンのスタッフをご紹介します。
Let me introduce you to the staff of our website and mail magazine.
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その政党は、夫婦間における暴力の防止並びに被害者の保護に関する法律案を発表した。
The political party announced laws for the prevention of spousal violence as well as the protection of the victims.
且つ・かつ tsu katsu
And; moreover; at the same time (formal)
And; and also; yet; but; and ~ as well; as well as; moreover | A conjunction meaning “and” that connects words, phrases and sentences.
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この仕事では大量の文献を速く且つ正確に読むことが要求される。
This job demands that you read a large volume of material both quickly and accurately.
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この図は、自動車を個人で利用できず、且つ家族とも共有できない６５歳以上の高齢者の外出頻度を示している。
This figure shows how often senior citizens over 65 who cannot drive a car and do not share one with their family get out.
及び and 並びに and 且つ・かつ are both JLPT N1 grammar points that Japanese learners often mix up. This page compares all 3 side by side — meanings, usage and example sentences — so you can tell them apart.