N1 Grammar · Test 50

Option 3 「以上」 is correct. The pattern 「〜以上」 means 'since / now that ~ (has happened),' expressing that given a certain situation, a corresponding action or conclusion naturally follows. Here: 'Since the energy problem has become this serious, countries around the world should cooperate and immediately formulate countermeasures.'

• 1「からして」 means 'even ~ / starting from ~,' used to emphasize an extreme example. It does not express 'since/given that.'
• 2「だけあって」 means 'as one would expect from ~ / worthy of ~,' expressing that a result is natural given some quality. It does not fit the causal 'since' relationship here.
• 4「一方」 means 'on the other hand / while,' expressing contrast or a simultaneous trend. It does not convey 'since/now that.'

• 〜以上（〜いじょう） — since / now that ~ (expresses that given a situation, a certain response is natural or necessary)
• 深刻しんこく — serious / grave
• 対策たいさく — countermeasure / measures

Option 2 「しかる」 is correct. The pattern 「〜ものなら」 attaches to the dictionary form of a verb and expresses a hypothetical condition: 'if one were to ~ (then something would happen).' 「しかる」is the dictionary form of 叱る. Here: 'Nowadays, if you were to scold a child making noise in a restaurant, you'd end up being complained to by their parent instead.'

• 1「しかった」 is the past tense (叱った). The pattern ものなら does not attach to the past tense form.
• 3「しかろう」 is the volitional form (叱ろう). While V-うものなら is a possible pattern, the standard and natural form here is the dictionary form しかる, which is the expected answer.
• 4「しからん」 is not a valid conjugation of 叱る and does not fit grammatically.

• 〜ものなら — if one were to ~ (hypothetical condition, often implying the action is risky or would have an undesirable outcome)
• 叱しかる — to scold / to reprimand
• 逆ぎゃくに — on the contrary / instead
• 文句を言う（もんくをいう） — to complain / to object

The correct answer is 1: あるかいなか. This is a fixed expression meaning 'whether or not.' The sentence reads: 'Whether or not the new employment measure is effective, it will still be a while before results appear.' The structure V-るかいなか (or あるかいなか) expresses uncertainty about two alternatives, and the second clause states something that holds regardless of which alternative is true — perfectly matching '結果が出るのはまだ先のことだ.'

• 2あるからには means 'since/if (it) is..., then naturally...' It expects a logical consequence in the main clause (e.g., '結果が出るはずだ'), not a statement that the outcome is still far off. It also does not pair well with the で conjunction here.
• 3あってにしては means 'for something that is..., it is surprising that...' It would require the stem to be 有効あってにしては (without で), and even then the nuance does not fit the sentence's meaning.
• 4あってはじめて means 'only because (X) exists, (Y) becomes possible.' It expresses a necessary condition and expects a positive/achievable main clause, which contradicts '結果が出るのはまだ先のことだ.'

• 有効（ゆうこう） — effective, valid
• 雇用対策（こようたいさく） — employment measures/policy
• 〜かいなか — whether or not (expresses uncertainty about two alternatives)

The correct answer is 2: あげく. V-たあげく means 'after doing (X) (and going through all that), in the end...' It describes a final outcome reached after a prolonged, often troublesome process. The sentence reads: 'After much agonizing, Yamaguchi-san apparently decided to accept a transfer away from his family.' 悩んだあげく perfectly captures 'after struggling/worrying for a long time, ultimately...'

• 1てまえ (手前) means 'because of/in front of' or 'out of consideration for.' It does not describe a process leading to a conclusion, so it does not fit 悩んだ___, 家族と離れて…ことにした.
• 2Note: option 2 is the correct answer; this slot is for wrong options only.
• 3こととて means 'because/since (it is the case that...),' often with an apologetic or explanatory nuance. It gives a reason, not a sequential 'after doing X, in the end Y' relationship.
• 4とおりに means 'exactly as/in the way that...' 悩んだとおりに would mean 'in the way he worried,' which is grammatically possible but semantically nonsensical in this context.

• 悩む（なやむ）（なやむ） — to worry, to agonize, to struggle with a decision
• 単身赴任（たんしんふにん） — taking a post alone (without one's family)
• 〜あげく — after doing [X] (for a long time), in the end...

The correct answer is 2: なったところで. V-たところで means 'even if (X) happens, (Y) won't change' — it expresses that even if a certain condition is met, the expected result will not follow. The sentence reads: 'Even if the president alone tries desperately, I can't imagine this company changing significantly.' This concessive nuance is exactly what なったところで provides.

• 1なったもので means 'because he became (desperate)...' — it gives a reason/cause, not a concession. The sentence needs 'even if,' not 'because.'
• 3なるところで is not a well-established grammatical pattern. ところで after V-辞書形 is not standard for concessive meaning; the correct form requires V-たところで.
• 4なるもので means 'because it becomes...' — again a causal explanation, not a concession. It does not fit the 'even if...I can't imagine...' structure.

• 必死（ひっし） — desperate, frantic, with all one's might
• 〜たところで — even if [X] happens, [Y] still won't change (concessive)

The pattern V-辞書形 + ともなく means 'without any particular intention or purpose, doing ~.' 見るともなく見ていたら = 'I was looking out the window without really thinking about it, when…' This perfectly captures the casual, unintentional nature of gazing out a train window before unexpectedly spotting a former classmate.

• 1かたわら means 'while doing A, also doing B' (two concurrent activities, usually one main and one side activity). 見るかたわら would require a second distinct activity, which is not present here.
• 3につれて means 'as ~ happens, ~ also changes' (proportional change). 見るにつれて would mean 'as I look, ~ changes,' which does not fit the context of casually gazing.
• 4のみならず means 'not only ~ (but also).' 見るのみならず would mean 'not only looking,' requiring a continuation like 'but also doing something else,' which does not fit this sentence.

• ともなく — without any particular intention/purpose (attached to V-辞書形)
• 目に入る（めにはいる） — to catch one's eye, to come into view
• 同級生どうきゅうせい — classmate

「に即して」means 'in accordance with' or 'based on.' The sentence says: 'I want newspapers to provide accurate information based on the facts.' This fits perfectly, as newspapers should report in accordance with reality.

• 1「なりに」means 'in one's own way' or 'to the extent of.' It would imply 'in the facts' own way,' which doesn't make sense in this context.
• 2「とあって」means 'because of (a special circumstance).' It would mean 'because it is a fact,' which doesn't connect logically to the request for accurate information.
• 4「をよそに」means 'disregarding' or 'ignoring.' It would mean 'ignoring the facts,' which is the opposite of what the sentence wants.

• に即して（にそくして） — in accordance with, based on
• なりに — in one's own way, to the extent of
• とあって — because of (a special circumstance)
• をよそに — disregarding, ignoring

「かわきりに」means 'starting with' or 'as the first.' The sentence says: 'Starting with the new model announced last week, the company will reportedly announce new cars one after another.' This fits perfectly — the new model is the first in a series.

• 1「おいて」is not a standard grammar point in this form. The correct form would be「をはじめ」(starting with), but「おいて」alone doesn't convey this meaning.
• 2「もって」means 'by means of' or 'with.' It doesn't convey the idea of 'starting with.'
• 3「かぎりに」means 'up to' or 'ending at.' It would imply the new model is the last, which contradicts '次々と' (one after another).

Option 3「かなえんがため」is correct. The pattern「〜んがため」attaches to the negative volitional stem (未然形) of a verb and means 'in order to ~'. Here, かなえる → かなえんがため = 'in order to make (dreams) come true.' The sentence means: 'In order to make my dreams come true, I work hard every day.' This is a formal/literary expression common at the 1-kyuu/N1 level.

• 1「かなえるまいと」uses「〜まいとする」meaning 'to try not to do ~'. This would mean 'trying not to make dreams come true,' which contradicts the positive effort described in the sentence.
• 2「かなえるまじく」is not a standard grammatical pattern. While「〜まじき」exists meaning 'unacceptable/should not be done,' it does not attach this way and would not convey 'in order to.'
• 4「かなえないものを」is grammatically incoherent in this context.「〜ものを」can express regret or contrast ('if only ~'), but it does not fit the structure '夢を〜、日々努力している' meaning 'in order to ~, I work hard.'

• 〜んがため — in order to ~ (formal/literary; attaches to verb 未然形)
• かなえる（叶える） — to make (a dream/wish) come true
• 日々努力ひびどりょく — daily effort, working hard every day

Option 4「かいもなく」is correct.「甲斐（かい）」means 'effect/value/worth,' and「〜もなく」means 'without ~'. So「応援のかいもなく」= 'despite the cheering, it was to no avail' → 'the cheering was in vain.' The sentence means: 'Despite everyone's cheering, my class's team couldn't win a single game.' This perfectly sets up the contrast between the support given and the disappointing result.

• 1「反面」means 'on the other hand' and is used to present two contrasting sides of the same thing (e.g., 'this town is lively, but on the other hand it's noisy'). It does not convey 'despite/in vain.'
• 2「おりから」means 'just when ~ / as it happens.' It would imply timing ('just when there was cheering...'), which does not logically connect to the team's failure to win.
• 3「こととて」means 'because ~ / given that ~' (a formal expression giving a reason). If used here, it would mean 'because of the cheering, the team couldn't win,' which is illogical—cheering should help, not cause failure.

• 甲斐かい — effect, worth, value (of an action)
• 〜もなく — without ~ (indicating absence of effect/result)
• 応援おうえん — cheering, support
• 一勝いっしょう — one win, a single victory