N1 Grammar · Test 49

のもとに (の下に) means 'under ~' or 'under the name/pretext of ~.' The sentence reads: 'Under the name of "development," large-scale forest destruction is progressing.' 「開発」の名のもとに is a fixed expression meaning 'under the name of development,' making this the correct answer.

• 1といえば means 'speaking of ~' or 'if you say ~.' 「開発」の名といえば would mean 'speaking of the name development,' which doesn't connect logically to the main clause about forest destruction progressing.
• 2とあって means 'because ~ (a special circumstance).' 「開発」の名とあって is grammatically unnatural; とあって typically follows a noun or clause directly without の名, and it would mean 'because of the name development,' which doesn't convey 'under the name of.'
• 3のあげく means 'after doing ~ (with a negative result).' 「開発」の名のあげく would mean 'after the name of development,' which is nonsensical. あげく is used after verbs or nouns describing a process, not with の名.

• 開発かいはつ — development
• 森林破壊しんりんはかい — forest destruction
• のもとに — under (the name/condition of) ~

ほかない means 'have no choice but to ~' or 'there is nothing to do but ~.' The sentence reads: 'Both my husband and children have passed away, and I have no choice but to rely on my only younger brother (たった一人の弟に頼るほかない).' This expresses that there is no other option, which fits the tragic context perfectly.

• 2にすぎない means 'is nothing more than ~' or 'merely ~.' 頼るにすぎない would mean 'is nothing more than relying on him,' which reduces the action to something trivial. This doesn't fit the context of having no other option.
• 3せいではない means 'it's not the fault of ~ / it's not because of ~.' 頼るせいではない would mean 'it's not the fault of relying on him,' which is grammatically and semantically wrong here.
• 4に合わない means 'does not match / is not suitable for ~.' 頼るに合わない is not a natural grammatical pattern and makes no sense in this context.

• 頼たよる — to rely on, to depend on
• ほかない — have no choice but to ~, there is nothing to do but ~

のうちに means 'while ~ / during ~' and is used in the pattern 知らず知らずのうちに meaning 'before one knows it / without realizing it.' The sentence reads: 'While associating with Japanese people, before I knew it, my Japanese had improved (知らず知らずのうちに).' This is a fixed expression and the correct answer.

• 1にしても means 'even if ~ / even though ~.' 知らず知らずにしても would mean 'even if one doesn't know,' which is grammatically awkward and doesn't convey the natural 'before I knew it' nuance.
• 3のうえに means 'in addition to ~ / on top of ~.' 知らず知らずのうえに would mean 'on top of not knowing,' which is nonsensical in this context.
• 4にいても is not a standard grammatical pattern. にいて would be a locative form, but 知らず知らずにいても does not form a meaningful expression.

• 知らず知らず（しらずしらず） — unconsciously, without realizing it
• 知らず知らずのうちに（しらずしらずのうちに） — before one knows it, without realizing it
• 付き合う（つきあう） — to associate with, to socialize with

The correct answer is 3 「ものを」. The pattern 「〜たものを、…」expresses regret or reproach about something that could have been done but wasn't. The sentence means: 'If you had consulted someone, it could have been easily solved— (so) why were you worrying alone?' The ものを connects the unrealized easy solution with the speaker's puzzlement at the person's actual (needlessly difficult) behavior.

• 1「ように」means 'in order to' or 'so that,' expressing purpose or manner. It does not convey the concessive/reproachful nuance needed here.
• 2「ほどを」is not a recognized grammar pattern in this context. 「ほど」alone means 'to the extent that,' but 「ほどを」as a conjunctive does not fit.
• 4「ばかりに」means 'just because / solely because,' introducing a negative consequence caused by some reason (e.g., 言わないばかりに誤解された). Here the issue is not a cause-and-effect but a contrast between what could have been and what actually happened.

• ものを — should have ~ but didn't; could have ~ but (expresses regret/reproach about an unrealized action)
• 悩なやむ — to worry, to be troubled

The correct answer is 2 「とはいえ」. This pattern means 'even so / be that as it may / having said that,' conceding a fact but then stating something that contrasts with it. The sentence means: 'Even though my physical strength has declined compared to the past, I still won't lose to young people.' The first clause is conceded, and the second clause pushes back against it.

• 1「だけあって」means 'as expected of / worthy of,' expressing that a result is natural given some quality. It has a positive connotation and would not fit the concessive structure here.
• 3「にひきかえ」means 'in contrast to / unlike,' comparing two things. It would require two parallel nouns or clauses being contrasted, not a concede-then-counter structure.
• 4「とすれば」means 'if we assume that / if that is the case,' a conditional. The sentence does not set up a hypothetical condition but rather concedes a fact.

• とはいえ — even so, be that as it may, having said that (concessive)
• 衰おとろえる — to decline, to weaken

The document is a notice to customers about the company's year-end and new-year holiday closure. The body says '弊社は年末年始の下記期間を休業とさせていただきます' (our company will be closed during the year-end/new-year period below). Option 3 '年末年始の休業日のお知らせ' (Notice of year-end/new-year holidays) accurately summarizes the content as a subject line.

• 1回答・発送等の遅れに関するおわび — While delays in response are mentioned as a consequence, the primary purpose is to announce the holiday schedule, not to apologize.
• 2休業中のホームページ停止のご案内 — The text explicitly says the homepage remains available during the closure ('休業期間中も弊社ホームページでのお問い合わせ・ご注文は可能'), so this is factually wrong.
• 4問い合わせ先の変更について — The text never mentions any change in contact information.

• 年末年始ねんまつねんし — year-end and New Year's
• 休業きゅうぎょう — closure, suspension of business
• 各位かくい — to all (addressees)

Based on the passage's discussion of emotion, the role of emotional functioning is to motivate and drive behavior—emotion is what makes us want to do something and take action. Option 1, '何かをしたいと思い行動を起こす' (wanting to do something and initiating action), captures this motivational role of emotion that the author describes throughout the passage.

• 2Sensory perception (感覚でとらえる) is a perceptual/cognitive function, not an emotional one. The passage distinguishes emotion from perception.
• 3Analyzing and understanding another's mind is a cognitive/analytical function, not an emotional one. The passage does not attribute this to emotion's role.
• 4Making likes/dislikes through logical thinking and judgment (論理的に考え判断する) is a cognitive/rational process, which the passage contrasts with emotional functioning.

• 感情の働き（かんじょうのはたらき） — the functioning/role of emotion
• 行動を起こす（こうどうをおこす） — to take action, to initiate behavior