N1 Grammar · Test 48

The correct answer is 3. 運用（うんよう）means 'operation, utilization, management (of funds/assets).' 資金を運用する is the standard phrase for 'to invest/manage funds.' The sentence means '(They) skillfully managed funds and turned a profit.'

• 1運搬（うんぱん）means 'transportation, carrying (goods).' You transport cargo, not funds in this financial sense.
• 2運行（うんこう）means 'operation (of vehicles like trains/buses).' This is used for transportation schedules, not financial management.
• 4運営（うんえい）means 'management, administration (of an organization/event).' While close in meaning, it refers to running an organization, not investing funds.

• 運用うんよう — operation, utilization, management (of funds/assets)
• 運搬うんぱん — transportation, carrying (goods)
• 運行うんこう — operation (of trains, buses, etc.)
• 運営うんえい — management, administration (of an organization)

The correct answer is 1. おおかた（大方）means 'most likely, probably, in all likelihood.' It fits the pattern 〜のことだから、おおかた…だろう ('Given that he's a lazy person, I figured it was most likely something like that').

• 2きわめて（極めて）means 'extremely.' It does not fit the だろう pattern expressing expectation or presumption.
• 3なかなか means 'quite, fairly.' While it can modify adjectives, it does not fit the context of predicting an outcome based on someone's character.
• 4とうてい（到底）means 'impossible to, no way (that)...' and is always used with a negative predicate. Since the sentence ends with だろう (positive), とうてい is grammatically incompatible.

• 大方おおかた — most likely, probably, in all likelihood
• 極きわめて — extremely
• 到底とうてい — impossible to (used with negative)

The correct answer is 3. きがね（気兼ね）means 'hesitation, feeling reserved, worrying about imposing.' 気兼ねをせずに means 'without feeling reserved / without worrying about being a burden.' The sentence means 'Please stay as many days as you like without feeling reserved.'

• 1きだて（気立て）means 'disposition, temperament.' 気立てをせずに is not a meaningful expression.
• 2きまぐれ（気まぐれ）means 'whim, caprice, fickleness.' 気まぐれをせずに is not a natural collocation and does not fit the context of being a guest.
• 4きまじめ（気真面目）means 'seriousness, earnestness.' 気まじめをせずに is not an established expression.

• 気兼きがね — hesitation, feeling reserved about imposing
• 気立きだて — disposition, temperament
• 気きまぐれ — whim, caprice
• 気真面目きまじめ — seriousness, earnestness

The correct answer is 4. 行き違い（いきちがい）means 'misunderstanding, crossing of wires, failing to communicate properly.' ことばの行き違い means 'a verbal misunderstanding.' The sentence means 'From a small misunderstanding over words, a terrible fight broke out.'

• 1落ち着く（おちつく）is a verb meaning 'to calm down, to settle.' It is not a noun and does not fit the 〜から pattern here, nor does it relate to a cause of a fight.
• 2差し引き（さしひき）means 'balance (after deductions), addition and subtraction.' It is used in financial or comparative contexts, not for verbal misunderstandings.
• 3受け持ち（うけもち）means 'responsibility, charge, the person in charge.' It does not relate to a misunderstanding arising from words.

• 行き違い（いきちがい） — misunderstanding, failure to communicate, crossing purposes
• 差し引き（さしひき） — balance, deduction and addition
• 受け持ち（うけもち） — responsibility, person in charge

一概に（いちがいに） is used with a negative predicate to mean 'cannot say flatly/uniformly/broadly.' The sentence means: 'This proposal was voted down at the meeting, but I don't think we can flatly say it's bad.' The pattern 一概に〜ない（とは言えない） is a fixed expression meaning 'one cannot make a blanket statement that…,' which fits perfectly here.

• 1一挙（いっきょ） means 'in one stroke / all at once' and is used for actions done in a single effort (e.g., 一挙に解決する). It does not collocate with 悪いとは言えない.
• 3一気に（いっきに） means 'in one breath / at a stretch / all at once' and describes doing something continuously without stopping (e.g., 一気に飲む). It does not fit the 'cannot say broadly' context.
• 4一斉に（いっせいに） means 'simultaneously / all together' and describes multiple actors doing something at the same time (e.g., 一斉に立ち上がる). It is irrelevant here.

• 一概いちがいに — flatly, broadly, in general (used with 〜ない: cannot say flatly
• 一挙いっきょ — in one stroke, all at once
• 一気いっきに — in one breath, at a stretch
• 一斉いっせいに — simultaneously, all together
• 否決ひけつされる — to be voted down / rejected (in a meeting)

The correct answer is 1 「を」. The pattern 「Xをおいてほかにはいない」 means 'there is no one but X' or 'X is the only one.' It expresses that X is uniquely qualified or the sole candidate. Here, only 彼 can accomplish this difficult mission. The particle を is fixed in this expression.

• 2「は」does not form this pattern. 「彼はおいてほかにはいない」is grammatically incorrect.
• 3「に」does not form this pattern. While に can mark location/destination, the fixed expression requires を.
• 4「で」does not form this pattern. 「彼でおいてほかにはいない」is not a valid construction.

• 〜をおいてほかにはいない — there is no one but ~; ~ is the only one (for the job)
• 困難こんなんな — difficult, hard
• 任務にんむ — mission, duty, task
• 果はたせる — can accomplish/fulfill (potential form of 果たす)

The correct answer is 2 「めぐって」. The pattern 「〜をめぐって」 means 'concerning/regarding ~' and is used when discussions, debates, or disputes revolve around a particular topic. Here, enthusiastic debate continues regarding solutions to environmental problems. This expression pairs naturally with 議論 (debate/discussion).

• 1「通じて」means 'through' or 'throughout (a period),' and does not pair with 議論が続いている in this context. It would suggest means/channel rather than topic.
• 3「まわって」is the te-form of まわる (to go around, physically), and is not used for abstract discussion topics. 「〜をまわって」is not a standard expression for 'regarding.'
• 4「こめて」means 'with (feeling/emotion put into something),' as in 愛をこめて (with love). It does not mean 'regarding' and doesn't fit with 議論.

• 〜をめぐって — regarding, concerning (a topic of discussion/debate)
• 解決策かいけつさく — solution, measure to resolve
• 熱心ねっしんな — enthusiastic, zealous
• 議論ぎろん — discussion, debate

The correct answer is 4 「なりの」. The pattern 「Xなりの」 means 'X's own way of ~' or 'in X's own style.' Here, あなたなりの考え means 'your own way of thinking / your own perspective.' The sentence says: 'Regarding this matter, you may have your own views, but please do as I say on this point.' なりの acknowledges the other person's independent perspective while asserting one's own authority.

• 1「向きの」means 'oriented toward / suitable for (a certain type of person),' e.g., 初心者向き (for beginners). It does not mean 'your own way of thinking.'
• 2「なみの」means 'average, ordinary level,' as in 人並み (like everyone else). あなたなみの考え would mean 'thoughts at your average level,' which is unnatural and doesn't fit the context.
• 3「次第の」relates to 〜次第 (depending on / as soon as), and does not express 'one's own way.' あなた次第の考え would mean 'thoughts that depend on you,' which doesn't fit the sentence structure.

• 〜なりの — in one's own way; one's own (style/perspective)
• お考え（おかんがえ） — your thoughts/opinion (honorific prefix)
• ここのところ — this point, this particular matter

The correct answer is 3 「出さん」. The pattern 「〜んばかり」 attaches to the 未然形 (imperfective/negative stem) of a verb and means 'on the verge of ~ing' or 'looking as if about to ~.' 泣き出す → negative form 泣き出さない → ん-form 泣き出さん → 泣き出さんばかり = 'about to burst into tears.' The baby's face looked as though it would start crying at any moment.

• 1「出す」is the dictionary form. The pattern 〜んばかり requires the negative stem (未然形 + ん), so the dictionary form cannot be used here.
• 2「出さ」is the 未然形 but is incomplete — it needs the ん suffix to form the pattern. 「泣き出さばかり」is grammatically invalid.
• 4「出した」is the past tense, which does not fit the 〜んばかり pattern. The pattern describes an imminent state, not a completed action.

• 〜んばかり — on the verge of ~ing; looking as if about to ~ (attaches to verb 未然形 + ん)
• 抱だきあげる — to pick up (in one's arms), to lift up
• 今いまにも — at any moment, just about to
• 泣き出す（なきだす） — to burst into tears, to start crying

The grammar pattern 「〜が早いか（がはやいか）」means 'as soon as / no sooner than.' It describes that the moment one action is completed, another action immediately follows. The verb before が早いか must be in the dictionary form (辞書形). Therefore, 「食事をとるが早いか」('as soon as he finished his meal') is correct. The sentence means: 'He seems very busy. As soon as he finishes his meal, he rushes out.'

• 2「とり」is the ます-stem (連用形). The pattern 〜が早いか requires the dictionary form, not the ます-stem.
• 3「とって」is the て-form. The pattern 〜が早いか does not take the て-form before it.
• 4「とろう」is the volitional form (意向形). The pattern 〜が早いか requires the plain dictionary form, not the volitional.

• 〜が早いか（〜がはやいか） — as soon as ~; no sooner ~ than ~ (requires dictionary form before it)
• 飛び出す（とびだす） — to rush out, to dash out