N1 Grammar · Test 46

「〜くらいなら」(N1 grammar) means 'rather than doing X (which is undesirable), I'd rather do Y.' It presents an unfavorable option and then offers a preferable alternative. Here: 'That computer — rather than throwing it away, give it to me.' The pattern is 捨てるくらいなら私にください.

• 1「のみか」 means 'not only ~ (but also)' (e.g., AのみかBも). It doesn't express the 'rather than' comparison needed here.
• 2「もので」 means 'because ~ (explaining a reason, often with an apologetic or explanatory tone).' 捨てるもので私にください is ungrammatical and doesn't convey 'rather than.'
• 4「かいもなく」 means 'without effect, in vain, to no avail' (e.g., 努力もかいもなく). It doesn't fit the 'rather than X, do Y' structure.

• 〜くらいなら — rather than doing X (undesirable), (I'd rather) do Y; if you're going to do X, you might as well do Y
• 捨すてる — to throw away, to discard

「経て（へて）」means 'after going through / upon completing.' 「議会の承認を経て認められた」= 'was approved after going through parliamentary approval.' This is the natural and correct expression: the treaty received approval after the step of parliamentary ratification was completed.

• 2「機に（きに）」means 'taking ~ as an opportunity / on the occasion of.' 「承認を機に」would mean 'taking the approval as an opportunity (to do something),' which does not connect logically with the passive verb 「認められた」(was approved).
• 3「かねて」means 'doing both / unable to do' (from 〜かねる) or 'for some time' (かねてから). Neither sense fits here: you cannot say 「承認をかねて認められた」.
• 4「ひかえて（控えて）」means 'having something coming up / pending' or 'holding back.' 「承認をひかえて」would mean 'with approval pending,' which contradicts the main clause 「認められた」(was already approved).

• 経へて — after going through, upon completing (a process)
• 機きに — taking ~ as an opportunity, on the occasion of
• かねて — for some time (かねてから); or unable to do (Vかねる)
• ひかえて — having something pending/coming up; holding back

「まじき」is used in the pattern 「Nにあるまじき」meaning 'unbecoming of / utterly unacceptable for someone in the position of N.' 「人としてあるまじき残酷な行為」= 'a cruel act utterly unbecoming of a human being.' This is a fixed N1-level expression and fits perfectly.

• 1「べき」means 'should.' 「あるべき」= 'that ought to exist / ideal.' 「人としてあるべき残酷な行為」would mean 'a cruel act that a human being should have,' which is nonsensical.
• 3「ごとき」means 'like / as' (classical 〜よう). 「あるごとき」is grammatically possible but would mean 'like something that exists,' which does not convey the intended meaning of 'unbecoming.'
• 4「らしき」means 'seeming like / apparently.' 「あるらしき」is not an established pattern and would mean 'seeming to exist,' which does not fit the sentence's intent.

• まじき — unbecoming of, unacceptable for (used as Nにあるまじき)
• べき — should, ought to
• ごとき — like, as (classical equivalent of 〜よう)
• らしき — seeming like, apparently (from 〜らしい)

「ことだし」means 'since / now that (stating a reason and then expressing a judgment or suggestion).' 「皆さんお帰りになったことだし、そろそろ会場を片づけましょう」= 'Now that everyone has gone home, let's clean up the venue.' It is used when the speaker states a reason and then proposes or decides on an action — exactly the pattern here.

• 1「ことに」is not a productive conjunction in this context. 「〜ことに」can appear in expressions like 「嬉しいことに」(to one's joy) but does not mean 'since/now that.'
• 2「ことで」means 'by means of / through doing ~.' 「お帰りになったことで」would imply 'by having gone home,' which is grammatically awkward and does not convey the causal 'now that' sense needed.
• 4「こととて」also means 'because / since' and is close in meaning, but it is more literary/formal and typically used to explain or excuse a situation rather than to introduce a suggestion. 「ことだし」is the natural choice when the speaker proposes an action based on the stated reason.

• ことだし — since, now that (used to state a reason before a judgment/suggestion)
• こととて — because, since (literary; often used for excuses/explanations)
• ことで — by means of, through doing
• ことに — (in set phrases like 嬉しいことに) to one's ~

「みるや」means 'as soon as (one) sees ~, immediately.' 「教師が来たとみるやいっせいに逃げ出した」= 'As soon as they saw that the teacher had come, they all fled at once.' The pattern 「Vたとみるや」expresses that the moment the speaker/subject perceives an event, the next action happens immediately — a perfect fit.

• 2「みたら」is a conditional ('if/when one sees'). While it can show temporal sequence, it lacks the immediacy and the quotative と pattern that 「みるや」provides. 「来たとみたら」is also not a standard fixed expression.
• 3「してみると」means 'when one tries doing ~ / looking at it.' 「来たとしてみると」would mean 'if we suppose the teacher came and consider it,' which does not convey the instantaneous reaction.
• 4「するならば」means 'if one were to do.' 「来たとするならば」= 'if we assume the teacher came,' which is hypothetical and does not match the actual event described.

• みるや — as soon as one sees/perceives ~, immediately (Vたとみるや)
• みたら — if/when one sees (conditional)
• してみると — when one tries doing; looking at it
• するならば — if one were to do (hypothetical conditional)

ねばり means 'perseverance, tenacity, persistence.' The sentence says 'This athlete lacks perseverance (ねばりがたりない), so they always end up losing at the end.' ねばり is the key quality for enduring to the finish.

• 1はげみ means 'encouragement, incentive.' It doesn't collocate with たりない in this context of losing at the end.
• 2はずみ means 'momentum, impetus' (also 'by chance/accidentally' as in はずみで). While momentum could matter, はずみがたりない is not a natural expression for the described problem of fading late.
• 4むすび means 'conclusion, tie/bond.' It is irrelevant to athletic endurance.

• ねばり — perseverance, tenacity, persistence
• はげみ — encouragement, incentive
• はずみ — momentum, impetus
• むすび — conclusion, tie, bond
• 選手せんしゅ — athlete, player

養成 means 'training, fostering, cultivating (personnel).' The sentence says 'The elderly population has suddenly increased, and the training (養成) of personnel to care for them can't keep up.' 人材の養成 is a standard collocation.

• 1生育 means 'growth' of plants/animals (biological growth). It is not used for training people.
• 2成熟 means 'maturation, ripeness.' It refers to a state of being mature, not the process of producing trained workers.
• 3生長 means 'growth' of living things (especially physical growth of people/plants). It does not mean training personnel.

• 養成ようせい — training, fostering, cultivating (people)
• 生育せいいく — growth (of plants/animals)
• 成熟せいじゅく — maturation, ripeness
• 生長せいちょう — growth (of living things, physical)
• 介護かいご — nursing care, caregiving
• 人材じんざい — human resources, personnel

てがかり means 'clue, lead, trace.' The sentence says 'In order to solve the case, we are searching for clues (てがかりを探している).' てがかりを探す is the standard expression for looking for leads in an investigation.

• 1めど means 'prospect, target, guideline.' めどを探す is not a natural collocation; one would say めどがつく (a prospect is in sight).
• 2きざし means 'sign, omen, indication.' One might きざしを見せる (show signs), but きざしを探す is not the idiomatic expression for investigative leads.
• 3しかけ means 'mechanism, device, setup.' It refers to a contraption or scheme, not a clue.

• てがかり — clue, lead, trace
• めど — prospect, target, guideline
• きざし — sign, omen, indication
• しかけ — mechanism, device, setup
• 事件じけん — case, incident
• 解決かいけつ — resolution, solving

制限 means 'restriction, limitation.' The sentence says 'Because of illness, my mother has various restrictions (制限) on what she can eat.' 食べるものに制限がある is the natural expression for dietary restrictions.

• 1拘束 means 'constraint, restraint, detention' — typically physical/legal restraint of a person (e.g., 拘束する = to detain). It is not used for dietary limits.
• 3束縛 means 'restraint, binding' — restricting someone's freedom or actions abstractly. It is too strong/abstract for food restrictions.
• 4統制 means 'control, regulation' — systematic control over an organization or economy. It does not fit personal dietary limitations.

• 制限せいげん — restriction, limitation
• 拘束こうそく — constraint, detention, restraint (physical/legal)
• 束縛そくばく — restraint, binding (of freedom)
• 統制とうせい — control, regulation (systematic)

The correct answer is 1. おさまる (収まる/治まる, 'to settle down, to subside'). The sentence means 'When the conflict subsided, calm returned to the citizens' lives.' 紛争が収まる is the standard collocation for a conflict settling down. In context this would be conjugated as おさまって or おさまれば to connect to the second clause.

• 2さだまり (定まる, 'to be decided/fixed') refers to decisions or outcomes being settled, not conflicts calming down. You would say 運命が定まる or 結論が定まる, not 紛争が定まる.
• 3まとまり (纏まる, 'to come together/be organized') is used for discussions, opinions, or plans reaching agreement (e.g., 話がまとまる). A conflict does not まとまる.
• 4よわまり (弱まる, 'to weaken') means to lose strength. While a conflict could weaken, 弱まる does not convey the resolution/settling that restores calm to citizens' lives.

• 紛争ふんそう — conflict, dispute
• 収まる/治まる（おさまる） — to settle down, to subside, to be resolved
• 定さだまる — to be decided, to be settled
• 纏まとまる — to come together, to reach agreement
• 弱よわまる — to weaken, to diminish