N4 Grammar · Test 39

のぼる (noboru) is the dictionary (plain non-past) form of the verb 'to climb.' 〜つもりです (tsumori desu) means 'intend to do ~' and takes the plain non-past form of the verb. のぼるつもりです means 'I intend to climb,' which matches 来年の夏 (next summer).

• 2のぼった (nobotta) is the past form. のぼったつもりです would mean 'I intended to climb (in the past),' which contradicts 来年の夏 (next summer), a future time.
• 3のぼろう (noborō) is the volitional form. 〜つもりです does not take the volitional form; のぼろうつもりです is grammatically incorrect.
• 4のぼりたい (noboritai) means 'want to climb.' 〜たい cannot be combined with 〜つもりです; のぼりたいつもりです is grammatically incorrect.

• 〜つもりだ — intend to do ~ (takes plain non-past verb)
• のぼる — to climb (a mountain)
• 富士山ふじさん — Mount Fuji

落ちていました (ochite imashita) uses 〜ていた (past progressive / result-state). 落ちていた describes a state that resulted from an action in the past: the wallet had fallen and was lying on the ground. The customer is reporting that they found the wallet in a fallen state: このさいふが落ちていました = 'this wallet was lying (dropped) here.'

• 2落ちてしました is not grammatical. The form 〜てしまう (to do something unintentionally/regrettably) would be 落ちてしまいました, not 落ちてしました.
• 3落ちてみました (ochite mimashita) uses 〜てみる, meaning 'tried doing ~.' 落ちてみました would mean 'tried dropping it,' implying the speaker intentionally dropped the wallet to see what happens, which makes no sense here.
• 4落ちておきました (ochite okimashita) uses 〜ておく, meaning 'do something in preparation / leave something as is.' This would imply the wallet was intentionally dropped and left there for some purpose, which does not fit the context of finding a lost wallet.

• 落おちる — to fall; to drop
• 〜ている — (with verbs of change) to be in a state resulting from a change
• 〜てしまう — to do something unintentionally / regrettably
• 〜てみる — to try doing something
• 〜ておく — to do something in preparation; to leave something as is
• さいふ — wallet

The grammar pattern 〜しか〜ない means 'only' and always requires the verb in negative form. バナナしか食べません means 'I only eat bananas (and nothing else).' The word しか is followed by a negative verb ending.

• 1食べます is the affirmative form. The pattern 〜しか requires a negative verb, so the affirmative cannot be used here.
• 3食べることができます is the potential form in the affirmative. Even though it is a longer expression, it is still affirmative and cannot follow しか, which requires a negative.
• 4食べるかもしれません is the affirmative 〜かもしれません pattern. しか requires a negative verb, so this does not work.

• 〜しか〜ない — only (always used with a negative verb); nothing but
• 食たべる — to eat
• いつも — always, usually

きっと〜でしょう is a common pattern meaning 'surely ~ will.' Here, きっとよろこぶでしょう means 'he will surely be pleased.' Since Yamashita is making a confident prediction about Mori's reaction (森さんは花が好きだから), the conjectural でしょう is the right choice.

• 1よろこぶそうです uses そうです for hearsay ('I heard he will be happy'). This does not fit with きっと, which expresses the speaker's own conjecture, not reported information.
• 2よろこんだんです is unnatural. The past form よろこんだ plus んです would imply explaining a past event, but the context is about a future birthday gift, so this does not fit.
• 4よろこんだようです is grammatically unnatural. The correct ようです form would be よろこぶようです ('seems like he will be happy'), but even then it does not pair well with きっと, which strongly prefers でしょう.

• きっと — surely, certainly
• 〜でしょう — conjectural ending: 'probably will / surely will'
• よろこぶ — to be pleased, to be glad
• たんじょうび — birthday

B says there is still time before departure (出発まで時間はありますから), so there is no need to hurry. 急がなくてもいいです means 'you don't have to hurry,' which fits the context perfectly. The pattern 〜なくてもいい means 'it is not necessary to ~.'

• 1急がなくなります is ungrammatical. The correct negative て-form would be 急がなくて, and 〜なくて〜なる is not a standard pattern for this context.
• 2急がなければなりません means 'must hurry.' This contradicts B's statement that there is still time before departure.
• 3急いだほうがいいです means 'you had better hurry.' This also contradicts B's reassuring statement that there is plenty of time.

• 〜なくてもいい — do not have to ~; it is not necessary to ~
• 急いそぐ — to hurry
• 出発しゅっぱつ — departure
• 飲み物（のみもの） — drink, beverage

して (1) is correct. The sentence means 'I made the apples I received into jam and ate them.' The structure is Noun + に + して (te-form of する), meaning 'made (something) into (something).' りんごをジャムにして = 'made the apples into jam.' The て-form して connects to 食べました (ate), showing sequential actions: first made jam, then ate it.

• 2されて is the passive te-form of する ('to be done/made'). ジャムにされて would mean 'to be made into jam (passively),' which doesn't fit — the speaker actively made the jam, and the apples didn't 'get made into jam' by someone else.
• 3なって is the te-form of なる ('to become'). ジャムになって would mean 'the apples became jam,' but the correct pattern for intentionally making something into something is を〜にする, not 〜になる. The speaker actively transformed the apples.
• 4なれて is the potential te-form of なる ('can become'). ジャムになれて would mean 'being able to become jam,' which is both grammatically and semantically wrong here.

• 〜にする — to make [something] into [something] (Nにする)
• して — te-form of する (to do/make)
• ジャム — jam

会えない (2) is correct. The sentence means 'Lately I've been busy with work and can hardly meet up with my friends.' The key is なかなか + negative verb, meaning 'not easily / hardly.' なかなか会えない = 'can't easily meet.' The potential form 会える (あえる, can meet) in the negative 会えない (あえない, cannot meet) pairs with なかなか to express difficulty meeting due to being busy.

• 1会える is the potential affirmative ('can meet'). なかなか requires a negative verb to mean 'hardly / not easily.' なかなか会える is ungrammatical in this context.
• 3会う is the dictionary form ('to meet'). なかなか会う doesn't work — なかなか needs a negative. Also, the context (busy, can't meet) calls for a negative potential.
• 4会った is the past plain form ('met'). なかなか会った would mean 'met with difficulty,' but the context says the person is busy and CAN'T meet, so a negative is required.

• なかなか — not easily, hardly (used with negative verb)
• 会あえる — can meet (potential of 会う)
• 会あえない — cannot meet

The correct answer is 4. どうしたんですか is a fixed expression meaning 'What happened?' or 'What's wrong?' Yamamoto notices Tanaka doesn't look well and asks what happened. Tanaka replies that he caught a cold, which directly answers 'what happened.' The pattern 〜んですか seeks an explanation for a situation the speaker observed.

• 1でしょう — どうでしょうか means 'How about…?' / 'Shall we…?' and is used for making suggestions or asking opinions, not for asking what is wrong with someone.
• 2なります — どうなりますか means 'What will become of it? / What will happen (to something)?' It asks about a future outcome, not about a person's current condition.
• 3します — どうしますか means 'What will you do? / What should (we) do?' It asks for a plan of action, not the reason for someone's condition. In this context Yamamoto is asking 'What's wrong?' not 'What are you going to do?'

• 元気げんきがない — to not look/feel well, to lack energy
• どうしたんですか — What happened? / What's wrong? (seeking an explanation)
• かぜをひく — to catch a cold

The correct answer is 1. The grammar pattern V(辞書形) + ところだ means 'about to do ~' / 'on the verge of doing ~.' The mother says 今から作るところだよ, meaning 'I'm about to make it starting now.' The key clue is 今から ('from now'), which signals the action has NOT yet begun — so the dictionary-form + ところだ is the right choice.

• 2作っているところ — Vている + ところだ means 'in the middle of doing ~.' This contradicts 今から ('from now'), which indicates the cooking hasn't started yet.
• 3作るとき — 作るとき means 'when (I) make (it)' and is a time clause that normally needs a main clause to complete the sentence (e.g., 作るとき、塩を入れます). It cannot stand alone as 'I'm about to make it.'
• 4作っているとき — 作っているとき means 'when (I am) making (it),' again a time clause requiring a main clause. It also implies the action is already in progress, contradicting 今から.

• 〜ところだ — just about to ~ (V辞書形); in the middle of ~ (Vている); just finished ~ (Vた)
• 今いまから — from now, starting now
• ご飯（ごはん） — rice, meal

The correct answer is 4. 手伝おうか (てつだおうか) is the volitional form of 手伝う plus か, forming an offer: 'Shall I help (you)?' Tanaka sees Kimura's luggage looks heavy and offers assistance. Kimura's reply ありがとうございます ('Thank you') confirms that an offer was made and accepted.

• 1てつだいたいんですか (手伝いたいんですか) — 'Do you want to help?' This asks Kimura whether *Kimura* wants to help someone, which makes no sense in context. Tanaka should be offering his own help, not asking about Kimura's desire to help.
• 2てつだってくださいよ (手伝ってくださいよ) — 'Please help me.' This asks Kimura to help Tanaka, the reverse of the intended situation. Also, the sentence-final particle よ adds a pushy tone inappropriate here.
• 3てつだったよ (手伝ったよ) — 'I helped (you).' This is past tense, stating that Tanaka already helped, which doesn't fit — he is just now noticing the heavy luggage and offering, not reporting a completed action.

• 重おもそうだ — looks heavy (重い + そうだ = seems/hearsay appearance)
• 手伝てつだう — to help, to assist
• 〜(よ)うか — Shall I…? (volitional form + か, used to make an offer)
• 荷物にもつ — luggage, baggage