N1 Grammar · Test 11

The pattern V-potential + かぎり(は) means 'as long as one can ~.' Here, 働ける (potential form of 働く) + かぎりは creates 働けるかぎりは働きたい = 'as long as he can work, he wants to work.' This fits the context of a father whose work is his life purpose and wants to continue working even after retirement.

• 1働けず is the negative continuative form of 働く. It does not pair with かぎり, and a negative form would contradict the positive 働きたい that follows.
• 2働いた is the past tense of 働く. The pattern 〜かぎり requires either a potential form or a state verb, not a past tense, so this is grammatically incompatible.
• 3働こう is the volitional form of 働く. Volitional + かぎり is not a valid grammatical pattern; かぎり here requires the potential form to express 'as long as one can.'

• 〜かぎり(は) — as long as ~; to the extent that ~ (used with potential or state verbs)
• 働はたらける — can work (potential form of 働く)
• 生いきがい — reason for living; what makes life worth living
• 定年ていねん — retirement age

The pattern どのような〜ようとも means 'no matter what kind of ~ one may ~.' Here, どのような批判を浴びようとも = 'no matter what kind of criticism one may receive.' The volitional form 浴びよう + とも is the correct construction for this concessive meaning, and it pairs with the question word どのような to express 'no matter what.'

• 1浴びたといえば means 'if you say (one) received (criticism).' This is a conditional phrase and does not convey 'no matter what criticism,' which is required by どのような.
• 2浴びたにもかかわらず means 'despite having received (criticism).' While grammatically valid, it describes criticism already received, not hypothetical future criticism. The どのような〜とも pattern requires the volitional form.
• 4浴びようにも is not a valid pattern. 〜にも requires a noun or dictionary form (e.g., 浴びるにも), and volitional + にも does not produce the concessive 'no matter what' meaning needed here.

• 〜ようとも — no matter if ~; even if ~ (volitional + とも, concessive)
• 浴あびる — to be showered with; to receive (criticism, praise, etc.)
• 批判ひはん — criticism
• 貫つらぬく — to carry through to the end; to stick to

The pattern N + を最後に means 'with N as the last occasion, (since then) ~.' Here, 優勝を最後に競技から離れていた = 'with the championship as his last competition, he had been away from the sport.' This perfectly fits the context: after winning the All-Japan tournament two years ago, he stopped competing, and now he has officially announced his retirement.

• 2を皮切りに means 'starting with ~ (and continuing onward).' This is the opposite of what is needed — it would imply he continued competing after the championship, contradicting 離れていた (had been away).
• 3にあたって means 'on the occasion of ~; at the time of ~.' It is used for significant moments before an action, not for marking something as the final instance.
• 4に沿って means 'along ~; in accordance with ~.' It is used for following guidelines or paths, and has no relevance to marking a final event.

• 〜を最後に（〜をさいごに） — with ~ as the last (occasion); since ~ last happened
• 〜を皮切りに（〜をかわきりに） — starting with ~ (and continuing on)
• 〜にあたって — on the occasion of ~; at the time of ~
• 〜に沿って（〜にそって） — along ~; in accordance with ~
• 引退いんたい — retirement (from competition/profession)
• 表明ひょうめい — declaration; announcement

それを is a conjunction meaning 'and yet; despite that,' used to express indignation or surprise that something contrary to expectations has occurred. Here, the section chief says: 'They were the ones who set the delivery schedule. And yet, now that there are only two weeks left, they say to move it up — that's completely unreasonable.' それを captures the indignation perfectly, connecting the fact that the other party set the schedule with the unreasonable demand to change it.

• 1実は means 'actually; to tell you the truth.' It is used to introduce a confession or reveal information, which does not fit the indignant tone of the section chief's response.
• 2というのは means 'that is to say; I mean.' It is used to rephrase or explain something, not to express indignation about a contradictory situation.
• 3ただし means 'however; provided that.' It is used to add a condition or exception to a preceding statement, not to express frustration about someone's unreasonable demand.

• それを — and yet; despite that (conjunctive expressing indignation/surprise at a contrary situation)
• 納期のうき — delivery date; delivery deadline
• 勝手かって — selfish; arbitrary; as one pleases
• 日程にってい — schedule; itinerary

んだもん is a colloquial sentence-ending particle combination used by children or in casual speech to justify or explain something, like 'because ~, you see.' わかんないんだもん = 'I don't understand it at all, you see!' The child Takashi is explaining why his homework isn't done — it's too hard and he can't understand it. This fits the context of a child complaining to his mother.

• 2もんか is a rhetorical question particle meaning 'there's no way ~!' or 'like I would ~!' わかんないもんか would mean 'Like I don't understand!' (i.e., 'Of course I understand!'), which contradicts the child's complaint that he can't do the homework.
• 3っけ is used to ask for confirmation or recall something, like 'was it ~?' わかんないんだっけ would mean 'Was it that I don't understand?' which makes no sense in this context.
• 4からって is a truncation of からといって meaning 'just because ~.' It requires a continuation (e.g., わかんないからって諦めるな = 'Don't give up just because you don't understand'). As a sentence-ending fragment, it is incomplete and unnatural here.

• 〜んだもん — because ~, you see (colloquial, often used by children to justify/explain)
• 〜もんか — there's no way ~!; like I would ~! (rhetorical, strong denial)
• 〜っけ — was it ~?; let me see, was it ~? (seeking confirmation/recall)
• 〜からといって — just because ~ (usually followed by a contrary statement)

The pattern NというN means 'every imaginable N' or 'N of all kinds.' Here, 花という花が means 'flowers of every kind' — all sorts of flowers bloom at once and cover the entire island. The structure NというN emphasizes that there is no exception among that category.

• 1だの is used to list examples (NだのNだの), like '花だの木だの.' It does not fit the single N（　）N pattern here.
• 2との means 'with' and is used for quoting or connecting nouns (e.g., Aとの関係). It does not produce the 'every kind of' meaning needed here.
• 3なり is used in patterns like V辞書形なり or AなりBなり ('either A or B'). It does not fit the N（　）N structure here.

• という（NというN）（という） — every imaginable ~; ~ of all kinds (emphasizing that the entire category applies)
• 一斉いっせいに — all at once; simultaneously
• 埋め尽くす（うめつくす） — to cover completely; to fill entirely

どうやら pairs with conjectural endings such as ようだ, らしい, or みたいだ, meaning 'it appears that...' or 'it seems that...' Here, どうやらカメラのレンズが怖いようだ = 'It seems that the camera lens scares him.' The following ようだ confirms this choice.

• 1まさか means 'surely not' or 'could it really be that...' and is typically used with 〜だろうか to express disbelief. It does not pair with ようだ.
• 2なんで is a casual 'why,' used to question a reason. It does not fit the conjectural context here.
• 4かえって means 'on the contrary' or 'rather than expected.' The sentence is not expressing a contrary result, so this does not fit.

• どうやら — it appears; it seems (used with ようだ/らしい/みたいだ)
• まさか — surely not; can it be that (used with 〜だろうか)
• かえって — on the contrary; rather

～を受けて means 'in response to' or 'in light of.' Here, 景気の回復傾向を受けて = 'in light of the trend of economic recovery,' salaries are expected to increase. The cause-and-effect relationship fits perfectly.

• 1に限って means 'only when' or 'especially when,' often with a nuance of unfortunate timing (e.g., 忙しい時に限って). It does not express 'in response to.'
• 3にわたって means 'over a span of' or 'throughout' (time/space). It does not convey the causal 'in light of' meaning.
• 4を含めて means 'including.' The sentence is not about inclusion but about a causal response to the recovery trend.

• ～を受けて（～をうけて） — in response to; in light of; reflecting
• 景気けいき — economy; business conditions
• 回復傾向かいふくけいこう — trend of recovery
• 見込みこまれる — is expected; is anticipated

～なくはなかった is a double negative meaning 'it wasn't that I couldn't...' = 'I could manage to do it (though with difficulty).' Here, Mサイズも着られなくはなかった = 'it wasn't that I couldn't wear the M size' — it was a bit tight, but wearable. This matches the context perfectly.

• 2着られもしなかった means 'I couldn't even wear it,' which contradicts the context — he did wear it and found it only slightly tight.
• 3着られてはならなかった means 'must not have been worn,' a prohibition. This makes no sense in context.
• 4着るに着られなかった is not a standard grammatical pattern and would mean something like 'couldn't possibly wear it,' contradicting the fact that he did wear it.

• ～なくはなかった — it wasn't that one couldn't ~ (double negative: could manage to ~, though with difficulty)
• きつい — tight; snug (for clothing)

頂戴した is the humble form (謙譲語) of もらう, meaning 'received.' The hotel (the speaker's organization) humbly received opinions and impressions from guests: お客様から頂戴したご意見 = 'opinions we received from guests.' This is correct keigo direction: the hotel humbles its own action of receiving.

• 1なさった is respectful (尊敬語) form of する. The subject would be the guest, but the sentence structure requires the hotel to be the one receiving, so this does not fit grammatically.
• 2差し上げた is humble (謙譲語) form of あげる, meaning 'gave (to someone).' The direction is wrong — the hotel is receiving, not giving.
• 4おいでくださった is respectful form of 来る/いる/行く. It would mean 'came/was present,' which does not connect grammatically with ご意見、ご感想.

• 頂戴ちょうだいする — to receive (humble form of もらう)
• 差し上げる（さしあげる） — to give (humble form of あげる)
• ご宿泊（ごしゅくはく） — stay (at a hotel); lodging (honorific prefix)